Anatomy and Physiology Cells

This essay will outline the functions of the main cell components, these consist of the nucleus, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum both rough and smooth. Images: [3] Every human body has billions of microscopic units called cells. Cells carry out numerous of chemical reactions and processes that make up the essence of life. The structure of cells varies in size and shape and has different functions.There are four main features with in a cell and these consist of the cell membrane also known as the plasma, the cell nucleus which contains mature red blood cells, the cytoplasm and the organelles which is a â€Å"various component of a cell with a distinct structure and their own functions and can be likened to miniature organs. Organelles include mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes† [1] The nucleus is usually the largest structure inside the cell which con tains chromosomes which contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), this is the genetic coding material which determines difference characteristics.The nucleus main function is to contain instructions for growth, work and maintenance of the cell, it controls nearly all the activities of the cell. â€Å"A smaller, darker sphere is often visible, the nucleolus, this is a source of ribonucleic acid (RNA) one of the nucleic acids† [2]. When a cell is not dividing (known as resting) this is called the chromatin network and the nuclear material appears like a thick, triangle mass. When a cell is in the process of dividing, the chromatin network separates into distinct black threads known as chromosomes and there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell. The nuclear membrane is made up of 2layers, each composed of a lipid bilayer. It has holes all over which are called nuclear pores, to facilitate and regulate the exchange of materials, for example, proteins and RNA, between the nucleu s and cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The inner membrane is linked with a network of intermediate filaments called nuclear lamina acts as a site of attachment for chromosomes. It also acts as a shield for the nucleus†. [4] The mitochondria are rod shaped or spherical shaped, they are very energy active cells.Each mitochondrion has a double layered membrane but the inner layer is folded at intervals, producing a series of ridges known as cristae which is where the enzymes responsible for the end stages of cell respiration. â€Å"The energy released from glucose is stored until it is needed by a chemical battery called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When energy is required for building complex molecules or doing work like contracting muscles, ATP breaks down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to build chemical bonds.The ADP is recycled, to be built up once more into ATP, using the energy released from glucose. â€Å"[3] The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the amount of energy it needs to perform its function, for example the muscle cell will have a large amount because it needs a lot of energy. Images: [4] Lysosomes are very small vesicles produced by part of the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful enzymes that destroy bacteria, protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and other foreign materials and they release it outside the cells. ysosomes travel freely within the cell and by releasing their contents they can destroy old or damaged organelles and in some cases entire cells, like the clean-up crew of the cell that eliminate anything that has outlived their usefulness. The Golgi apparatus packages protein to deliver to other organelles or outwards from the lysosomes. This appears to look flattened, fluid filled sacs which are stacked upon each other. Images: [2] â€Å"The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its con tents.Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell† (for example, gases and liquids), â€Å"while keeping other substances out† [6]. The cytoplasm is semi-fluid, gel like substance that gives shape to the cell. This where metabolism takes place and this accommodates cell organelles such the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), rough and smooth.The rough ER is studded with tiny black bodies called ribosomes and its functions are to manufacture cell proteins and act as a temporary storage area. Sometimes sugars are added to protein (glycoprotein) in secretions like mucus. The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is involved in the metabolism. â€Å"Smooth ER is important in the synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins. Rough ER is important in the synthesis of other proteins. Information coded in DNA sequences in the nucleus is transcribed as messenger RNA. Messenger RNA exits the nucleus through small pores to enter the cytoplasm.At the ribosomes on the rough ER, the messenger RNA is translated into proteins. These proteins are then transferred to the Golgi in â€Å"transport vesicles† where they are further processed and packaged into lysosomes, peroxisomes, or secretory vesicles† [5] The reticulum network fills the cell interior and channels passage ways for transporting materials to and from parts of the cell. Images: [1] Ribosomes what are studded all over rough ER. â€Å"A ribosome is a biological molecule made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins (ribosomal proteins).The structure of a ribosome is complex, and it is responsible for making the millions of proteins that are needed by cells. Think of a ribosome as a small protein biosynthetic factory that translates the DNA genetic information into an amino acid sequence (the primary structure of proteins). † [7] A ribosome may be located in ma ny places within the cell. Some are in the cytosol and others are bound to cellular membranes. Membrane-bound ribosomes are responsible for the characteristic roughness of the endoplasmic reticulum when seen under a microscope.Reference: Images: 1. Anon. (undated) http://www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm [online] 2. Anon. (undated) http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus. html [online] 3. Anon. (undated) http://scienceaid. co. uk/biology/cell/structure. html [online] 4. Michael W. Davidson (2000) http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria. html [online] Books and internet: 1. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 2. Stretch B. 2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 3. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1: Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 4. Anon. (2008) www. biology-online. org/dictionary/Nuc lear_membrane [online] 5. Anon. (undated) www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm [online] 6. Regina Bailey (2012) www. biology. about. com/od/biologydictionary/g/cell-membrane. htm [online] 7. Paul Arnold (2009) www. brighthub. com/science/genetics/articles/22938. aspx [online]

Unit 2 M1

Unit 2 m1 Compare the aims and objectives of different types of business. I am going to compare a profit making and non-profit making business. All profit making business or organisation’s main goal is to maximizing profit- try to make the most profit possible. This is most likely to be the aim of business owners and shareholders. Another objective that other businesses have is to survive in the market – survival. It is a short term objective, possibly for small business just starting out, or when a new firm enters the market or at a time of crisis.However, Non-profit organisations are established around a variety of different sectors. These include social services, sports, cultural groups, education, and support groups. Their main objectives include: assisting others to participate in society, providing care and treatment, providing opportunities for people to engage in sporting teams, and promoting cultural or social values. TESCOS Tesco is a large business and it has a lot of aims and objectives. Some of which are: â€Å"To grow the UK core†.Tesco wish to expand on the number of stores in the UK and all over the world, also the number of services they provide. This is as relevant today as it was in 1997. The UK is the largest business in the Group and a key driver of sales and profit. Their objective is to â€Å"improve the shopping trips and driving a strong pace† This year, they are making a ? 1 billion commitment to improve the shopping trip, driving a strong pace of improvement in the things that are important to its customers which will involve the need to use revenue and capital investment.These changes will strengthen the shopping trip for customers, and consequently deliver improved performance for shareholders. â€Å"To be an understanding international retailer in stores & online† and â€Å"to respect their markets outside the UK† In 1997, their international businesses generated 1. 8% of the Group’s profits. In addition, today, they represent 30% and they’re now either number one or number two in eight of their 12 markets outside the UK. So they’re already ‘successful’ and are working  to be an outstanding international retailer in stores and online.OXFAM Oxfam focuses on five areas that are informed by their beliefs as an organization. They are: * All human lives are of equal value. Everyone has fundamental rights which must be recognized and upheld at all times. * Poverty makes people more vulnerable to conflicts and natural disasters. Much of this suffering is unnecessary, and we must relieve it. * Unequal power relations – gender, race, class, caste and disability – make people more vulnerable to poverty and suffering.Women, who make up the majority of the world's poor people, are especially disadvantaged. Unequal power relations must be addressed wherever they occur. * In a world rich in resources, poverty is a morally indefensib le injustice. It can and must be overcome. Too often, poverty is the result of powerful people's decisions. We must challenge and remove unjust policies and practices. * With the right resources, support, and training, people living in poverty can solve their own problems. We're all responsible for working together to overcome poverty and suffering.

The President of America John Fitzgerald Kennedy Research Paper

The President of America John Fitzgerald Kennedy - Research Paper Example Urged on by his pushy father, JFK joined politics in 1946 and went ahead to win election into the US House of Representatives as a Democrat and later into Senate in 1952. He won the 1960 party’s presidential nomination and later the presidency, becoming America’s youngest president at 43 and the first ever Catholic head of state. His presidency represented a generational change to the seat, giving it a youthful touch. On November 22, 1963, hardly 1,000 days into his presidency, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He became the youngest president to die (White House, 2014). John F. Kennedy remains a hero even to the standards of modern times because of his political prowess, personality and family values and his stand on social justice. It is the political career of JFK that brings his heroism outright, him being a statesman and a courageous politician. In his book, Profiles in Courage, JFK noted that pressures from the public, the worry of future elections and the pressures from interest groups discourage politicians from working towards the attainment of their goals (Margaret, 2004). Indeed, he was a victim of negative publicity early in his political career. According to Brinkley (2013), these early years in politics had JFK’s political colleagues refer to him as a playboy who had his campaigns bankrolled by his wealthy father. Critics described him as being impatient, reckless and impetus. In fact, in the book, JFK: Reckless Youth, the author, Nigel Hamilton referred to him as a man with brains, good looks, money, and idealism but lacked a serious sense of purpose (LupaÄ ovà ¡, 2008). Despite these criticisms, JFK went ahead and convinced voters to elect him into the US House of Representatives. His political star shone further with his election into the Senate. In fact, his was said to be a distinctly innovative senatorial campaign. Furthermore, his campaigns targeted all the categories of the society, thus an all-inclusive campaign strategy that saw him elected twice into senate between 1953 and 1960. He went further to win, not just the Democrat presidential nomination, but also beat Richard Nixon to become America’s 35th president. This follows his charm that he used to convince voters that the Republicans had stagnated the county for eight years and therefore the need for positive change.

Cervical Cancer and the Human Papilloma Virus Essay

Cervical Cancer and the Human Papilloma Virus - Essay Example Most of these cancers stem from infection with the human papillomavirus, although other host factors affect neoplastic progression following initial infection. Compared with other gynecologic malignancies, cervical cancer develops in a younger population of women. Thus, screening for this neoplasia with Pap smear sampling typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood. Most early cancers are asymptomatic, whereas symptoms of advancing cervical cancer may include bleeding, watery discharge, and signs associated with venous, lymphatic, neural, or ureteral compression. Diagnosis of cervical cancer usually follows colposcopic examination and histologic evaluation of cervical biopsies. Worldwide, cervical cancer is common, and ranks second among all malignancies for women (Parkin, 2005). In 2002, an estimated 493,000 new cases were identified globally and 274,000 deaths were recorded. In general, higher incidences are found in developing countries, and these countries contribute 83 percent of reported cases annually. Economically advantaged countries have significantly lower cervical cancer rates, and add only 3.6 percent of new cancers. This incidence disparity highlights successes achieved by cervical cancer screening programs in which Papanicolaou (Pap) smears are regularly obtained. There is considerable variation of incidences, screening, diagnosis, and treatment statistics throughout the world, but the trend of the disease is considered to be resulting mainly from financial and cultural characteristics affecting access to screening and treatment. The age at which cervical cancer develops is in general earlier than that of other gynecologic malignancies, and the median age at diagnosis ranges from 40 to 59 years. In women aged 20 to 39 years, cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. There are data that indicate the cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and in developed countries, such as, in the United States, where well established screening programmes exist, it is estimated that 30% of cervical cancer cases will occur in women who have never had a Pap test. In developing countries, this percentage approaches 60%. It is a matter to be reckoned that in spite of these statistics, the worldwide incidence of invasive disease is decreasing, and cervical cancer is being diagnosed earlier, leading to better survival rates. Worldwide data indicate that the mean age for cervical cancer is 47 years, and the distribution of cases is bimodal, with peaks at 35 to 39 years and 60 to 64 years of age. Risk Factors There are numerous risk factors for cervical cancer: young age at first intercourse (

Creatively and play with in early year curriculm Essay

Creatively and play with in early year curriculm - Essay Example Since children are naturally creative, there are also many ways to integrate creativity development in such key learning area. This paper will analyze how creativity can be harnessed in communication, language and literacy activities in the foundation stage. Defining Creativity According to the Reggio Emilia approach, Thornton (2005), states that creativity is essential to successful learning as it enables children to make connections between the different areas of learning which in turn extends their understanding (Rinaldi, 2006). Hood (2008) states that Creativity is a state of mind in which all of our intelligences are working together, he goes on to predict that it involves the basic senses within a human whereby seeing, thinking and generating ideas can be incorporated into any subject at school or in any aspect of life (Hood 2008). Therefore it is essential that children are regularly asked questions and given the opportunity to ask questions in order to further stimulate their creative learning thus increasing their self – esteem and confidence (Hood, 2008). Creativity is a quality which can have many advantages as it can be used within many aspects in the child’s later life (Cullingford, 2007). ... This implies that children need to have a variety of experiences to draw from when they develop ideas or when they try to associate one thought with another to come up with a new viewpoint. Developing Creativity in the Key Learning Area of Communication, Language and Literacy Loris Malaguzzi (1998) believes that â€Å"Creativity should not be considered a separate mental faculty but a characteristic of our way of thinking, knowing and making choices† (Malaguzzi, 1998, p.75). Children naturally express such creativity in their natural communication. Their communications may be expressed in various forms or â€Å"languages†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ in words, drawing, artwork, three-dimensional constructions, music and movement. Young children do not express their ideas in just one form but move naturally and easily between â€Å"languages†. They may vacillate from drawing, speaking, singing and moving (Fawcett & Hay, 2004). This is consistent with the key learning area of Communica tion, Language and Literacy development in the Early Years Foundation Stage. Children’s stories are valuable because they present so many benefits to a child’s development. Among the benefits is engaging them in creative imagination as they picture the story unfold in their minds. In practice, storytelling activities are made exciting for children that pupils look forward to story time. It is a time when they imagine wonderful things and then do something fun and creative after, to help them remember the story. Otto (2010) discusses that effective storybook reading techniques involve three parts namely pre-reading, reading and post-reading. These stages are equally important in the appreciation of a story. Before

Human Rights in Vietnam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Rights in Vietnam - Research Paper Example Every country has to abide with human rights laws. Every constitution has to focus on human rights. Rights have been described by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. There are also many other accounts of human rights that are present in other countries' governments and organizations. Vietnam is considered to be a country that is poor in human rights. The Communist Party of Vietnam governs the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. "Vietnam insists that human rights are a part of its own internal affairs and are inherently connected with the country's history, culture, tradition, and socioeconomic conditions" (Alagappa 457). There are no other legal political parties. The elections of 2002 were considered unfair as all candidates were chosen by the CPVs Vietnam Father Front or the VFF. The VFF was a group that monitored the country's popular organizations. The control of the security forces was maintained by the civil authorities. The Vietnamese government's human rights record has remained unsatisfactory. Abuses committed by local government official continued despite efforts made by the central authorities to monitor abuse concerns, particularly religious freedom. The Vietnamese people could not change the government, though several organizations that fought for this cause were not suppressed completely. The government wanted to enforce its control over the internet and press. "Human Rights Watch (HRW) has condemned Vietnam for its witch-hunt of those trying to disseminate information about democracy via the internet and urges the release of cyber prisoners" (Boobbyer, Spooner and O'TAilan 245) There were instances when police officials abused people during arrests, interrogation, and detention. Prison conditions were harsh but yet did not terrorize the lives of prisoners. Many prisons faced problems like insufficient diets, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Prisoners were made to work but did not receive any wages for their duties. Prisoners were also reported to be moved to solitary confinement. The government did not grant permission to international organizations like the Red Cross or other non-governmental organizations to visit the prisons. Many citizens were detained for political activities at random. Citizens were deprived of the right to fair trials. Many other human rights were constantly monitored by the government and the government placed their limitations on human rights. Some of these rights included the right to freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association. The government also maintained its ban on human rights organizations. Women in Vietnam suffered many threats; they faced plenty of discrimination and violence. Trafficking of women and children, and child prostitution remained prevalent, though the government made efforts to fight trafficking. Government monitored workers' rights, in particular organization that functioned independently. The Vietnamese government officially grants the freedom of religion. However, non-sanctioned groups usually face plenty of harassment. Additionally, the government constantly monitors these groups, justifying the act saying it is for the benefit of national unity. The Vietnamese government also lacks in the process of political trials, like, persecution of unauthorized religious organizations, independent journalists, labor union activists, land

History and architecture. Smolny Cathedral Essay

History and architecture. Smolny Cathedral - Essay Example The emperor Peter the Great had a weakness for western architecture. Hence he invited Rastelli’s father to Russia to construct the winter palace as well as the Tsarskoe Selo Palace. After his death, Rastelli took over as architect. The Smolny convent and cathedral is a land mark that Rastelli left unfinished due to insufficient funding before its completion. The construction of the Smolny Convent and Cathedral took place between 1748 and 1764. This was during the reign of the empress Elizabeth Petrovna. There is rich history of Russia during this time. The Smolny cathedral original purpose was housing Elizabeth. The marriage between her mother and the emperor Peter the great remained unrecognized publicly. Hence her opponents used this as an excuse to deny her right to the throne. After her right to the thrown was taken and given to Anna Leopodovna, Elizabeth opted to become a nun. Hence the construction of the Smolny Convent began. It was meant to house her during her monastery life. However, this was never meant to be. Anna Leopodovna favored Germans and allowed them to dominate the Russian politics and culture. Due to the dissatisfaction of the Russians (and especially the Russian royal guards) they decided to overthrow her in a coup. This provided a chance for Elizabeth to reign as empress. Therefore, Elizabeth threw away the idea to become a nun and decided to become an empress. A lot happened during her reign which was in juxtaposition with the construction of the Smonly Cathedral. The reign of Elizabeth as empress started as the construction of the Smolny started. However, Elizabeth passed on before the completion of the Smolny Cathedral. The empress, Catherine thought that it was a waste of funds and hence stopped its construction. It was only completed between 1832 and 1835 by Vasily Stavos. The Cathedral is a combination of baroque architecture and neo-classical architecture. This is due to the disparity of time in which it was started and completed. Rastelli built in Baroque, Vasily used neo-classical architecture fashionable during his time. During the construction of the Smolny Cathedral, the empress Elizabeth encouraged the development of education and arts. Her plan was to dedicate part of the Smolny cathedral to girl’s education. Elizabeth developed enlightenment by introducing the first academy of sciences, St Petersburg, in 1747. It was during her reign that the first university in Russia was founded in 1757. In 1756 and 1758 the first public theater and the first fine arts academy were opened. Numerous schools were opened across Russia and Elizabeth ensured all children of all social classes’ accessed education. Since Anna had previously encouraged the use of German in studying, Elizabeth changed the system to French. This was especially because she had studied French. Elizabeth implemented pro-Russian policies. She encouraged the participation of Russians in politics and the economy. Elizabeth hated bloodshed. No blood was shed during the coup when she overthrew Anna. She promised that bloodshed would be minimal during her reign. Hence she never executed anyone during her time as empress. However, she led Russia through two wars. Elizabeth sent out 100 thousand army men against Prussia. This was as a result of joining forces with Austria as the rest of the world went to war. Elizabeth felt the Russian empi re was threatened by the British and Russian alliance. Hence she joined forces with Austria to defeat Frederick the second. This achievement was celebrated because Frederick was considered an extremely skilled European warrior. Prussia failed to surrender completely in the next two years. However, Fredrick was ready to surrender in 1762.

The Hunger Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Hunger Games - Essay Example The author has been able to portray a wonderful story of love, hate, well as unity and the guts to have fighting instincts and patience within an individual; all the qualities that help him assist his own family in surviving in the modern day as well. The trilogy incorporates three major themes, including independence, government control, and survival, to illustrate the post-apocalyptic world that lacks the foundation of the society. The Hunger Games is an excellent novel about the lives of those that have been forced to participate in the survival of the fittest. Every district must sacrifice one young boy or girl who can fight for them and help them win repute for themselves. The story revolves around the life of Katniss, a braveheart, desperately trying to seek her identity along with doing her best to survive in the hunger games. Along with her mother and sister Prim, Katniss Everdeen lives in the twelfth district of Panem, and fights every single day in order to bring a square m eal home to feed her family. She is a tough woman, with the mind and heart of a valiant man, but the emotions and feelings of a woman. On an annual basis an individual is selected from each district in order to participate in the Hunger Games; a pursuit for survival. Unfortunately for Katniss, her sister Prim gets selected, forcing her to take her place instead in order to protect her. In many ways thus, Katniss is like the man of the family, taking care of the pack, and feeding them in order to help them grow and develop day by day. Soon as she enters the Games, she meets with Peeta from another district, a young man whom she helps to survive. She teaches him all that she knows and develops intimate relations with him over time. As her feelings for him grow, she finds that survival does not only include satisfying hunger and clothing oneself, but also helping oneself mature by understanding emotions and feelings. The characters within the story itself are very compelling; they prov ide for a gripping novel which leaves the reader from doing nothing but turning the pages. Innumerable instances have been provided within the book which talk about the stability of the region that they were living in, and how the thought process of the characters participating in the games are affected by the harsh ruling over the Capitol. Katniss is a strong young woman and provides for her family; she has accepted her fate at birth and tries her best to assist them in living a substantiate lifestyle. This is clear when she says, â€Å"It was slow-going at first, but I was determined to feed us. I stole eggs from nests, caught fish in nets, sometimes managed to shoot a squirrel or rabbit for stew, and gathered the various plants that sprung up beneath my feet. Plants are tricky. Many are edible, but one false mouthful and you're dead. I checked and double-checked the plants I harvested with my father's pictures. I kept us alive.†Ã‚  (Collins, Suzanne 4.19) She has truly bee n portrayed as the rock of her family, helping to send out a moral message to all young women about their inner strength and conduct towards society and family. Despite this however, the main theme that the novel revolves around is survival of the fittest; this means that every individual needs to keep that fighting spirit alive within them in order to rebel against the imposition of oppression of the Capitol. The main purpose of the Games was to ensure that a lot of hostility erupted among

IT in Architectural Competition Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

IT in Architectural Competition - Article Example IT can be used only as a tool and nothing more in the context of architectural competitions. One is not suggesting that sophisticated computers and software programmes can replace the invaluable experience, intuition, and feel of experienced professionals. Professional experience when combined with the amazing computing power and versatile graphic imagery that IT enables, can bring the process of evaluation to a higher level. Qualitative aspects of the architectural parameters pose tough challenges and to the best of my knowledge, there are no programmes that can fully replace human judgment. Competition works are evaluated from aesthetic and functional angles, such as spatial composition, cityscape values, and sensation. Judges are using words like spatial cognition, texture vividness, light, shadow, sensation, habitability, and pleasantness. The element of personal feelings as an aspect of the quality of a work is evident from these descriptions. IT enables enhancement of a judge’s feel for a work and hence it is reasonable to propose that IT be used as a tool for the judicial process and as a return medium for a competition. Objectivity aspects of presentations are important and discussed separately. On the other hand, quantitative aspects, by definition, are quantifiable and IT can be a good tool here too. Buildings can be evaluated in terms of codes, energy performance, sustainability etc. Once mandatory codes have been met, evaluating for sustainability essentially looks at a building holistically in terms of energy and resource use. These aspects are quantifiable easily and objectivity of judgment is retained while evaluating them. A judgment is supposed to be based on the information made available. However, it has been the experience for a very long time that the information provided to facilitate judgment lacks objectivity and this has resulted in restrictions being imposed on some kind of information.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration Essay There are 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States today. This number has risen by 3 million in only 10 years. Illegal immigration has been a problem in the United States dating back to the early 1980s. In the 1980s and still until today, the United States has seen a massive increase of illegal immigrants entering the United States. While most of these immigrants were from Latin America and Mexico, they were also from other parts of the world. Many illegal immigrants were crossing the unguarded border between the United States and Mexico. Border security has increased over they years, yet the rise of illegal immigrants coming into the United States is also increasing. Illegal immigration has become a very controversial topic of today’s society, and lawmakers and legislators have been debating the topic for a while now. Their hasn’t been much reform from the federal government; however, many states have passed their own set of immigration laws. States such as Arizona, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Utah, and Indiana have developed their own state immigration laws. These laws are being reviewed by the Supreme Court of the United States and these decisions would be heard in the near future. In Arizona, if any police officer pulls over a immigrant who is suspicious of being illegal; that person has to present documents of being in the United States legally or faced with being detained and presented in front of an immigration court. Some kind of enforcement like this is also being enforced in the other states. Immigration needs to be reformed nationally throughout the country, and the government needs to strike down on illegal immigrants living in the United States because they cost America billions, take American jobs, and also take away student financial aid for citizens and legal immigrants trying to attend college. Using evidence from a wide range of sources, I make the statement that illegal immigration laws need to be reformed in the United States, by using statistics and fiscal numbers. Illegal Immigrants cost the Unites States billions of dollars that the government does not have. Their are 11 million illegal immigrants living within the boundaries of the United States, and only 7.2 million of these immigrants contribute to the workload of America. Those other 3 million plus the 7.2 million immigrants use welfare and unemployment money from the government by having children that are born in the United States. â€Å"Illegal-alien households cost the federal government approximately $26 billion in social services and criminal justice system expenses annually† (Albo). By collecting welfare and unemployment checks from the state and federal governments, illegal immigrants cost the American government significant amounts of tax-payer money. Many immigrants are taking money away from American citizens who need unemplyoment checks in order to survive and to look for a new job. Arizona’s Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona SB 1070) does an excellent job of limiting illegal immigrants and also helps in the addition of illegal immigrants because they can be deported if they ever are suspicious in front of law enforcement. This would decrease the overall amount of money spent on illegal immigrants because it would lower the total amount of illegal immigrants; thus causing a trickle down effect of the amount of money spent on undocumented immigrants. Another way illegal immigration negatively influences the American economy is by the amount of money that the government spends to keep undocumented immigrant children in school. Undocumented children also lead to an increase of overcrowded classrooms in certain states. Illegal immigrants account for nearly 3 billion in more tax-payer money for just California to keep these children in school because of the No child left behind act of the Bush Administration. â€Å"300,000 to 400,000 illegal alien [schoolchildren †¦ account for the estimated $3 billion annual service costs provided to the estimated 1.7 million illegal aliens in the State† (Joch). More states also had to pay more for undocumented immigrant children. â€Å"During the 2003-2004 school year, Minnesota estimated that it spent between $79 and $118 million of its $8 billion state budget to educate an estimated 9,400 to 14,000 unauthorized immigrant schoolchildren. New Mexico spent $67 million of its $3 billion state budget on an estimated 9,200 unauthorized schoolchildren. Colorado claimed that it spent approximately $220 million on social services for unauthorized immigrants but only collected between $159 and $194 million in revenue from that segment of its population.† (Joch) Illegal immigrants have accounted for many millions of dollars in other states also, and this is a sign nationally. There needs to be a immigration law reform that makes sure that undocumented children may be allowed to go to school in the United States only if they were born here. If children come along with their parents are are already in school age, I believe and the stats prove my point that undocumented children take tax-payers money away from where they are supposed to go. Illegal undocumented immigrant workers take away American jobs from the American people. Since the early 1980s, when illegal immigration became a major problem for the United States of America, illegal immigrants have been taking millions of jobs from the American people. â€Å"Today, there are 7 million individuals working in the United States illegally. (Devadoss/Luckstead) Most of these jobs are hard working and low education level jobs; nevertheless it takes away nearly seven million jobs away. The unemployment rate in the United States as of today is 7.8% and seven million jobs are a lot of jobs. During the Great Depression, President Roosevelt created federal program called the Civilian Conservation Corps (commonly known as the CCC) where young adults would work in preserving forests and helping with farmland. This would decrease the United States unemployment rate while also reducing jobs for illegal immigrants. With less jobs, immigrants would naturally self-deport back to their own countries where they might have a better job in finding jobs to support their families. Another way to make sure jobs are going to the American people is to adapt the E-Verify program. The E-Verify program is a program where before employers can hire potential employees they have to enter their documents to make sure that the employee can work in the United States. The E-verify program has already been enacted by five states in the United States and many more states are considering the program as a big immigration law reform. Many other states have partially enacted E-verify. â€Å"More than 404,000 employers, large and small, across the United States use E-Verify to check the employment eligibility of their employees, with about 1,200 new businesses signing up each week†. (Harvard Law Review) I firmly believe that if a nationwide e-verify program be required to check if employees are legally allowed to work in the United States that many of the potential jobs that illegal immigrants would take, would now be filled with Americans. More American jobs would cause less dependency on food stamps, welfare, and also less unemployment checks from the US government. Naturally, this would reduce the national and state debts, while also allowing the government to spend more money on schools and education. Speaking of education, their are many illegal immigrants taking state money for higher education purposes. In a Supreme court decision in Martinez v. Regents of the University of California, the supreme court ruled in favor that illegal immigrants are allowed to use in-state tuition to pay for school and may receive state funding. This is not only in California, but this kind of legislation is available in many different states. â€Å"California gives illegal aliens between $222.6 and $289.3 million dollars in aid to attend college in their state. Texas gives between $80.2 and $104.4 million dollars, Illinois $23.3 and $30.5 million dollars, and New York gives between $28.8 and $37.5 million dollars of aid†. (Kasarda) While many college students are suffering today to pay for higher education, the state has to give illegal immigrant college students aid every year. Along with the education budget cuts, this has sparked controversy in many universities throughout the United States. This needs to end. States should not be giving American dollars to illegal immigrants. By reforming the law in each individual state, less aid will be available to someone who lives in the United States illegally, and more aid needs to be given to more students who are deserving based on merit or poverty. Imagine in California if $270 million dollars was given back to the public universities, how many more teachers would be hired and how much more financial aid would be given to deserving students. Many of the supporters to allow the 11 million illegal immigrants to stay in the United States state that they provide a service that not many Americans would do and they help provide to each individual state economies. Other supporters also say that illegal immigrants pay federal, state, and local taxes in their perspective region. â€Å"about 6 million unauthorized immigrants file individual tax returns each year estimate that between 50 percent to 75 percent of unauthorized immigrants pay federal, state and local taxes†. (Albo) However, thats only about 50% of the total illegal immigrant population. Many supporters are adamant in saying that illegal immigrants pay their taxes; however, that is simply not the case. Yes, six million immigrants pay, but what about the other 5 million illegal immigrants. Supporters need to realize that while the 6 million contribute a small amount to the government, the other 5 million cost more to maintain. If their weren’t as many ille gal immigrants then the US government would not spend as much money on illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration law reform is greatly needed in the United States. Another argument that many supporters of keeping illegal immigrants in the United States is that they do jobs that Americans just simply won’t do. They say the hard labor jobs that illegal immigrants work help provide a spark in local economies throughout the Untied States. â€Å"The absence of the estimated 1.4 million undocumented immigrants in Texas in fiscal 2005 would have been a loss to our gross state product of $17.7 billion. Undocumented immigrants produced $1.58 billion in state revenues, which exceeded the $ 1.16 billion in state services they received†. (Albo) Supporters would show statistics like these that show their services produced more money for the local economy, then taking from the local governments. That illegal immigrants create a surplus for the economy. However, if we look at the same quote, that is just not the case. â€Å"However, local governments bore the burden of $ 1.44 billion in uncompensated health care costs and local law enforcement costs not paid for by the state†. (Albo) If we also look at the healthcare costs and increased law enforcement, the cost of maintaining illegal immigrants, in reality, creates deficit for the local economies. Many supporters twist statistics and truths to make their point about maintaining illegal immigrants, but in the real facts, they are proven wrong. Illegal immigration law reforms need to be discussed in Congress and also in individual State Congress’s. In all, illegal immigration has been a controversial topic ever since the 1980s. Many legislators and lawmakers have tried to reform the law and Congress has even a developed a bipartisan committee to try to develop a reform bill, but lawmakers haven’t gotten past preliminary talks. I believe the only way that Congress is going to reform its immigration laws is that if the American people stand up and petition in every state. Many individuals should talk to their regional representative and try to get talks discussed in the House and also in the Senate. Illegal immigration is a major problem in the United States and they are taking money that simply the United States does not have. Illegal immigration laws need to be reformed as soon as possible.

Electronic Music Origin And Effects Music Essay

Electronic Music Origin And Effects Music Essay In Bernard Wiletss discovering electronic music, Bernard states, We live in an age of technology in which machines touch every part of our lives; it is not surprising that music has also been influenced by technology. (Bernard). The sound of music has undergone massive changes since the dawn of the synthesizer. When once a band relied solely on the instruments its members could play in order to forge their thoughts into sound, they now can purchase a piece of hardware or software to add an array of instruments to their music. However, due to this technological advance many argue that talent is no longer required to be a musician and that synthesizer programmers are lazy hacks but I beg to differ. To understand exactly what it takes to be an electronic musician and or synth programmer you must first understand electronic music and its components. Wilets describes the production of sounds by means of conventional instruments, using a string bass as an example as When a string on a string bass is made to vibrate or oscillate a sound is produced. By changing the length of the oscillating strings with the left hand, the instrument produces different pitches. (Wilets). If the sound created was displayed visually, it would look like what is called a wave pattern. The electronic sound synthesizer or synth for short is a device designed to create or manipulate sounds. A synthesizer is composed of many ways to create and manipulate sounds. Depending on the synth the options range from filtering out certain frequencys and distorting sounds to pitching them higher than any know instrument can achieve. However, there is one component of design of which all the others build upon, the oscil lators. The oscillators or Oscs for short, produce sound electronically. Each oscillator produces a unique sound and waveform. Common waveforms found on most synthesizers are the square; saw tooth, sine, and triangle waveforms. These four waveforms serve as the basic building blocks for most conventional instruments. Often instruments are grouped together depending on their similarities in sound and technique. Instruments such as flutes, piccolos, and ocarinas fall under the category of wind instruments. Wind instruments are grouped together because they rely on air to create sound. Instruments that share the same means of sound production often share an audible similarity as well. This similarity extends to each instruments waveform. By modifying one of the four basic waveforms, a synthesizer could recreate virtually any known instrument, making it massively appealing. Although the idea of electronic instruments and electronically produced music has been around since the 1800s it was not until around the 1940s that the concept was fully realized. Although inventions such as the musical telegraph and theremin served as a testament to the future of electronically produced music, the idea still needed to be refined. It wasnt until the invention of the Moog synthesizer, invented by Robert Moog and Don Buchla, did the synthesizer begin its musical takeover. The very first Moog synthesizers were massive and resembled machines seen in old science fiction movies before the computer age. They were extremely expensive, extremely hard to program and used mostly in film scoring and music houses. After refining his invention however, Moog compressed the massive instrument into a portable and affordable device thus making the synthesizer something anyone could afford. This innovation would eventually go on to change the face of music forever. . While most still used the synthesizer as a means to replicate existing instruments others saw the deeper potential it held. Based on simplistic waveforms that required modification to attain certain sounds, the synthesizer held limitless sonic capabilities. Bands such as the Moody Blues and Emerson, Lake and Palmer were among the first to use the synthesizer to achieve more abstract sounds. Their sonic creativity would lead others to do the same and eventually synthesized sounds began to serenade all types of music. Due to the demand to create unique sounds and music, companies wishing to cash in on this new device made many types of synthesizers. Due to copyright, other companies had to veer away from the subtractive analog synthesis used in Moog synthesizers. They had to create their own synthesizers thus creating new ways to approach sound synthesis. Over time, a slew of ways to approach sound synthesis came about. Synthesizers based on additive synthesis, frequency modulation, granular synthesis and phase distortion to name a few began to hit music stores. While the design became seemingly more small and simplistic, the ways to manipulate and create sound became vast. Programming each of these types of synth required knowledge in the specific form of synthesis it implored. When once a synth programmer had to simultaneously play keys, pull and plug cords into various inputs and outputs he can now do the same thing by simplistic digital means, which often only require the flicking of a switch. This advance in technology is what people claim to be the reason why talent is no longer required. Of course holding down a single key and playing an entire riff or ensemble may seem lazy in practice. People forget that that entire riff started as dull waveforms. In order to produce something like that an electronic musician must have vast knowledge in not only music, in order to achieve a good sounding riff, he must also know how to program his synthesizer. Take for example the arpeggiated synth lines heard in most trance songs. In order to create these sounds the synth programmer must first create the sound he wishes to arpeggiate. This process can be as simple as combining three saw tooth waveforms, pitching one in a high octave, another in a lower and the last one in an extremely almost un-audible low octave. Then filtering most of the high frequencies out, adding a low frequency osc after filtering and adjusting the way in which the sound is unleashed, sustained and how it decays, to linking the frequencys cutoff to the low frequency osc, running it through another filter and programming the sound to continually morph its velocity to a prerecorded pattern. After that, the programmer must then use an arpeggiator, arpeggiator range from simplistic preset patterns to possessing the ability to adjust its velocity one hundred times during the course of the sounds procession. This process is known as tweaking the sound. After programming his arpeggiated synth patch the electronic musician might go on to program a synth to stand in for bass sounds and then another for keyboard which all are as complicated as making an arpeggiated sound. After the electronic music has finished all the synth parts of his songs, he must then turn his focus to the percussion. Although a synthesizer is capable of producing drum sounds, the sounds created often had a synthetic sound to them that most electronic musicians did not find appealing. Most electronic musicians then would turn to another piece of equipment or software known as a drum machine. A drum machine is a sound module that specializes in the production of percussive timbres. Drum machines followed a similar path to synthesizers, first being complicated large pieces of machinery to becoming hand held devices. Programming these are equally complicated. As drum machines involved they began to be capable to record sounds and edit them to programmers wishes thus making things like heartbeats the kick drum of many songs. These two pieces of hardware or software became the instruments of choice to most electronic music producers, whether they are in the form of hardware or software. Now programming a riff or drum pattern was hard enough the programmer also has to humanize his track or else it would sound too robotic. By humanizing, I mean the process in which they make the drumbeat sound as if someone was actually playing a drum kit. This implies varying velocity, panning the sounds to encompass the space drums demand, and adding digital effects, the same thing implies to the synth. So in order to produce electronic music, the electronic musician must know all of the things I discussed as well as music theory and how instruments work. For example, you could not create an organ synth sound and play it like guitar it just would not work. So that being said I think the electronic musician if far from lazy and that, the simplification of electronic instruments only makes their capabilities greater as they do not have to worry about attaching cybernetic arms to their body in order to fiddle with more cords. Alot of people however say that anyone could become an electronic musician. That the style can be taught and is not heartfelt. That electronic musicians lack the talent of other muscians. This is what an electronic musician credits his inspiration to Im a very curious person, and I tend to find new obsessions every few years. I love the energy that lives on the border of human ingenuity, the edge where scientific curiosity, spiritual wonder, and technological invention meet in explosions of beauty and truth. I love to celebrate those people whose spark ignites at that juncture. As I seek new musical inspiration, (sometimes I do run dry for periods) I look for energetic examples in other fields besides music. I often find them in the realms of physics, poetry, architecture, biology, history anywhere actually. I guess Im a bit insatiable, and I want to explore the best that humanity has created, and echo it as well as I can in my own work. That statement, to me, is what music is all a bout. Holmes, Thomas B. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. London: Routledge, 2002. Print. MOOG [a Film by Hans Fjellestad]. Web. Nov.-Dec. 2010. . Moog. Dir. Hans Fjellestad. Perf. Robert Moog. ZU33, 2004. DVD. Shapiro, Peter, and Iara Lee. Modulations: a History of Electronic Music : Throbbing Words on Sound. New York: Caipirinha Productions, 2000. Print. Â  YouTube Discovering Electronic Music Part 1. YouTube Broadcast Yourself. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. . Rich, Robert. Robert Rich Interview -. Synthesizer Music and Electronics | Join the Electronic Music Revolution NOW! Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .

Essay -- Papers

Contrasts in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a famous romantic drama written by William Shakespeare containing many contrasts within it, portraying the eponymous lovers’ everlasting love for one another. The conflict between the two families; the Montagues and the Capulets makes it almost impossible for them to be together. The play consists of romance and humour building up to the climax of Romeo and Juliet’s death. In the play we are first introduced to the servants Sampson and Gregory, from the Montague household, who have a similar lifestyle to the servants in the Capulet household, who are trying to keep up the reputation of the families. The Capulet household are holding a party where the servants are busy getting food, drinks and decoration ready, whereas Lord and Lady Capulet live the life of luxury where they simply think about marriage, money and parties. In the film we see that the servants are dressed down in black tatty clothing while the upper class people; the masters are wearing bright elaborate clothing. In Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann’s interpretations of the play, they show this because they wanted to emphasise the status between higher and lower social people. The dark clothes also represent the darker days and shows that the servants are emotionally sad, but the masters are expressively happy. The language of the servants compared to the masters is very different. The servants are illiterate and not educated; however, the masters are highly educated and very posh, they can afford schooling, whereas the servants could not. Shakespeare shows this when the servant spea... ...her innocence, beauty and purity. Tybalt is a devil because he is likes to fight, he is evil, seeking trouble and devious. Paris is an astronaut who is rich, successful and out of this planet representing why he is the right person for Juliet to get married to. Lord and Lady Capulet are king and queen of Verona Beach and dress up as Marc Anthony/Julius Caesar and Cleopatra who also die in a similar way to Romeo and Juliet. This play is full of many opposites and contrasts: love and hate, peace and conflict, young and old. It is all mainly to do with historical, cultural and social context. The play sadly ended with the two star-crossed lovers having to give their life for their families to end their fighting. Romeo and Juliet end with these words: â€Å"For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo†.

Learning Styles: Differences In Children’s Minds Essay -- essays paper

Learning Styles: Differences In Children’s Minds Many Community college students are unable to exit remedial college preparatory programs and advance into credit courses (Rochford 2003). Experts may say it is due to the inability of teachers to teach using methods. Different people may have different learning styles. Student populations have become more diverse, the ability to teach to the needs of different learners has become increasingly important (Haar, Hall, Schoepp, & Smith 2002). Learning styles refer to the way students concentrate on, process, internalize, and recall new and difficult information. Most people have preferences, but individual preferences differ. The stronger the preference, the more important it is to provide compatible instructional strategies (Rochford 2003). The Dunn and Dunn Learning-style model illustrates elements that influence that way people learn new material. Great achievement while introducing new material may be achieved if certain stimuli are considered:  · Environmental - sound, light, temperature, design  · Emotional – motivated, persistent, structure, responsible  · Sociological – alone, pair, peers, team, adult, varied  · Physiological – food, time, mobility  · Psychological – global, analytic (Rochford 2003). Understanding these stimuli is the first step in mastering the art of teaching the correct method to the correct learning style. The three basic learning styles include the visual, the auditory, and the kinesthetic learner. Each type of learner has distinct characteristics and skills. Visual Learning Visual learners need to see the material. Information seen in charts, diagrams, or pictures is remembered... ... http://bcps.org/offices/lis/models/tips/styles/html Miller, S, (2000). The learning styles survey. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from http://www.metamath.com/lsweb/fourls.htm Penn State York University. Auditory learners. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from the world wide web: http://www.yk.psu.edu/learncenter/acskills/auditory.html Rochford, R. (2003). Assessing learning styles to improve the quality of performance of community college students in development writing programs: a pilot study. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 27.8, 665-677. Sabry, K., & Baldwin, L. (2003). Web-based learning interaction and learning styles. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34.4, 443-454. Svati, C. & Pratibha, M. Visual learners. Retrieve November 20, 2004 from the world wide web: http://www.nalandainstitute.org/aspfiles/visual.asp

The Greatest Lessons In Live (Values Essay) -- essays research papers

The Greatest Lesson in Life The Merriam Webster's dictionary has many different definitions for the meaning of the word love. It can be defined as a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties, affection based on sexual desire, or affection based on admiration, benevolence, and/or common interests. To love and be loved is cherished greatly among my family. From the day that I was born I was granted with unconditional love by my family. These people that surrounded me with this love have taught me not only to love them, but myself and hopefully a special someone in the future as well. My family is composed of people who are extremely close knit. After all this time, I have come to learn that family is one of the most important accessories in the package of life. I have been put in many different situations with my family, whether or not they are good or bad, we always seem to get through them together. I guess one could say that I look at my family as a team. As I talk about how close knit my family is, I am not just referring to my immediate family, which is composed of my mother, father and two sisters. Here, I am referring to my entire family; Grandmothers, Grandfathers, Aunts, Uncles and my many Cousins. The most significant idea that has been imbedded in my head is that no matter what may come of life, I will always have my family to turn to in the end. I value my family greatly; we count on each other and help each other out in any case. Th...

The Rapid Expansion Of Urban Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay

Rapid enlargement of urban infinites has caused force per unit area on delicate ecosystem of the metropolis. Uneven growing of assorted parts has made migration a serious challenge. Increasing population growing of metropolitan has created concretization of island metropolis and glade of critical flowered resources. Thousands of people from assorted parts of the state come to Mumbai every month. Around 43 per cent of metropolis ‘s population considered to be migratory. The prevailing migrators are of rural beginning, coming from assorted parts of the state, with two-third to three-quarterss of all migrators belonging to this class. There are migrators from other states as good but these have been less than one per cent since 1981 ( Census ; 2001 ) . This tendency migration is a Destruction of Rhizophora mangle that was the home ground of several species of fishes have combined to go forth the metropolis ‘s fisher common people of around 50,075 ( Marine Fisheries Census ; 2005 ) panting for endurance. Among assorted grounds economic factors have been the major cause for migration to Mumbai. About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the chief motivation behind their motion. The information show that the rate of migrators in hunt for better employment has been higher in the late ninetiess. Social grounds such as matrimony and attach toing the household constituted about 90 per cent of female migration. ( Singh 2001 ) Population force per unit area is continuously increasing in the coastal country, so because of this spread outing population Rhizophora mangle is confronting important force per unit area of devastation. Mangroves have been cleared and degraded on an dismaying graduated table during the past four decennaries ( Valiela et al. , 2001 ; Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003 ; Duke et al. , 2007 ) , yet they remain an of import beginning of wood and nutrient merchandises and supply vitally of import environmental services for coastal communities throughout the Torrid Zones ( Balmford et al. , 2002 ) .Climate and RainfallKolis of MumbaiKolis are the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and are the original dwellers of the island metropolis. Fishing is still the chief beginning of their support. The interesting fact is that, Mumbai is derived from the Koli word, ‘Mumba ‘ , which means goddess of H2O. Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerso n district attorney Cunha in the book ‘Origin of Mumbai ‘ describes old Mumbai as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to hold occupied the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the outstanding 1s are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. Kolis are divided into two occupational categories ; Dolkars Vatsad Dolkars are normally rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. Dolkars pattern angling on big graduated table Vatsads, who are a hapless category of fishermen normally in the employ of the richer members of the community. Work force are largely engaged in angling while, adult females take attention of lodging activities and merchandising of fish in the local market. Lot of their day-to-day activities depend on the fishing season and tidal motion. Koli is the chief linguistic communication spoken by the community, Marathi is another often used linguistic communication among Kolis.What are Mangroves?Mangroves are a group of trees, thenars, bushs, vines and ferns that portion a common ability to populate in boggy saline dirt. These workss have developed unusual versions to the alone environmental conditions in which they are found. Mangrove can be typically refered to an single species. Footings such as Rhizophora mangle ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are u sed interchangeably to depict the full Rhizophora mangle community ( Smithsonian Inst. 1996 ) . There are around 80 species of Rhizophora mangles found throughout the universe ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . Largely they occur within tropical and semitropical coastal countries subjected to tidal impact. Tidal country can be interpreted to intend a shoreline inundated by the extremes of tides, or it can more widely mention to river-bank communities where tides cause some fluctuation in H2O degree but no alteration in salt ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) . There are chiefly two types of Rhizophora mangle ; sole and non-exclusive. Exclusive Rhizophora mangles are the largest group, consisting about 60 species ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . These Rhizophora mangles are confined to intertidal countries. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. Non-exclusive Rhizophora mangles differ from the sole Rhizophora mangle in the sense that these turn sooner in drier and more tellurian countries.Features of MangroveMangrove DistributionMangrove woods comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal countries, and one time occupied around 75 % of tropical seashores and recesss ( Ellison 1997 ) . Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Mangroves are found throughout the universe between latitudes 32A °N and 38A °S. The upper and lower bounds of this scope are determined by temperature ( Chapman, 1976 ; Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Mangrove Distribution in IndiaHarmonizing to the Government of India, the e ntire country of the Rhizophora mangles in India was about at 6,740 sq. Km. this covered about 7 % of the universe mangroves ( Krishnamurthy, 1987 ) and about 8 % of the Indian coastline ( Untawale, 1987 ) . But recent 2005 information of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. kilometer. mangrove countries in India. Out of the entire land area, 57 % of the Rhizophora mangles are found on the East Coast, 23 % on the West seashore and the staying 20 % on Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Mangrove Distribution in MaharashtraMaharashtra has 720 kilometer long coastline, which has assorted characteristic characteristics of beaches and bouldery drops flanked by estuaries and spots of Rhizophora mangles. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52'N and 20 10'N and longitude 72 10'E and 73 10'E and falls under five territories of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. The Rhizophora mangles of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the West seashore and har monizing to the Forest Survey of India ( FSI ) covered 116 sq. kilometer in 2003. The country under Rhizophora mangles in Maharashtra was 200 sq. kilometer. in 1972-75, which reduced to 108 sq. kilometer. in 1997.Mangroves of MumbaiMangrove along the seashore of Mumbai ever faced the challenge of assorted anthropogenetic activities over the decennary. In early 1890ss around 37 sq.km. Of Rhizophora mangle existed in Mumbai, largely in Versova, Gorai, Mahim brook, Thane and Ghodbunder. Some sparsely covered spots of Rhizophora mangle are besides found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill. The most commonly happening species of Rhizophora mangle in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the about 60 per cent of species diverseness. The characteristic characteristic of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salt country. This species besides tolerates pollution including heavy metals such as lead, quicksilver and Cr.Table: Some of the commonly found Rhizophora mangles in Mumbai( Beginning: Kulkarni, 2007 )TemperatureMangroves largely occur in countries where the mean temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20A °C and the seasonal scope does non transcend 10A °C. Lower temperature and hoar besides limits the growing and distribution of Rhizophora mangle ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .RainCoastal countries which receive ample sum of rainfall, heavy overflow and ooze into the intertidal zone from the backwoods are most suited for Rhizophora mangle. These countries receive extended deposit which provides immense measure of foods, which in bend are favorable for Rhi zophora mangle growing ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Importance of MangroveMultifaceted importance of Rhizophora mangle has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since 100s of old ages. Importance of Rhizophora mangle can be loosely classified under following caputs:Ecological ImportanceMangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the universe. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of legion assortments of vegetations and zoologies. Mangrove forest consist of 70 taxonomically diverse tree, bush, thenar and fern species under 27 genera, 20 households, and nine orders that portion a suite of convergent versions to saline, anoxic home grounds ( e.g. Tomlinson, 1986 ; Stewart & A ; Popp, 1987 ; Ball, 1988 ; Duke et Al, 1998 ) .Economic ImportanceMangroves provide a huge scope of wood and non-wood wood merchandises which are of good economic value such as lumber, fuel wood, medical specialty, thatch, honey, fresh fish , wood coal etc.Legislative Framework for Conservation and Management of Mangrove in IndiaThe Indian Forest Act, 1927: Supply protection to â€Å" flora and fauna † . The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the Rhizophora mangle wood of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a â€Å" Reserved Area † . The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972: Supply protection to â€Å" flora and fauna † . Although they do non specifically mention Rhizophora mangles, these Acts of the Apostless can besides use to the preservation of the vegetations and zoologies of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980: States that â€Å" No forest country shall be diverted for any non-forestry intent † without anterior blessing of the Government of India. This act has proved really effectual in forestalling recreation of Rhizophora mangle forest country for non-forestry intent. Coast Guard Act, 1978: The concern for â€Å" Marine and Coastal Waterss † has led to formation of a particular force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should battle oil pollution beyond 5 kilometers in the sea and execute surveillance responsibility against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker. The Environmental ( Protection ) Act, 1986: It has a important function in the Conservation and Management of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. It declares a â€Å" Coastal Regulation Zone † notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated H2O and wastewaters, dumping of waste and land renewal are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment. Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation Zone It is stipulated that in instance of Rhizophora mangle with an country of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 thousand Mangrove is a tropical tree growth, along the seashore and requires saline H2O for its growing. Expert in this field say that Rhizophora mangle are really of import along the seashore for breakage of tides and it is valuable resources holding several direct utilizations. Hence proper the protection of Rhizophora mangle is really of import. ( Chauhan, 2004 ) Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone ( a ) Setting of new industries and enlargement of bing industries ( except those straight related to waterfront or straight necessitating for shore installations ) . ( B ) Industry, managing, storage or disposal of risky substances. ( degree Celsius ) Puting up and enlargement of fish treating units including warehousing ( vitamin D ) Discharge of untreated wastes and wastewaters from industries, metropoliss and other human colonies. ( vitamin E ) Dumping of metropoliss and town wastes for the intent of land filling. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermic power station. ( g ) Land renewal bunding or upseting the natural class of saltwater with similar obstructors except those required for control of coastal eroding. ( H ) Mining of littorals, stones and others sub strain stuffs except other minerals non available outside the CRZ countries. ( I ) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive countries. ( J ) Any building activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted countries. ( K ) Dressing or changing of sand dunes, hills natural characteristics including landscape alterations.Regulation of Permissible Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone1. Clearance shall be given for any activities within the CRZ if it requires waterfronts and bow shore installations. 2. The undermentioned activities will necessitate environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. of India. a ) Construction activities related to defense mechanism demands for which bow shore installations are required ( e.g. Breakwaters etc. ) . B ) Operational buildings for ports and seaports and beacons necessitating H2O frontage Jetty, waves quays etc. degree Celsius ) Thermal Power Plants ( merely foreshore installations for conveyance of natural stuffs for consumption of chilling H2O and out autumn for discharge of treated waste H2O ) . vitamin D ) All other activities with investing transcending rupees Five Crores. 3. a ) The Coastal provinces and Union district Administration shall fix Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and blessing be taken from Central Govt. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. B ) Within the Framework of such blessing plans the State Govt./U.T. Administration or local Authorities shall modulate all development and activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone. Misdemeanor of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in assorted parts of Mumbai Metropolitan part. Several environmental militants have raised the voice against these misdemeanors. Coastal country is critical to the prosperity of state and normally most productive countries, back uping a wealth of marine resources. With rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, attendant pollutions and consuming resources along the seashore have resulted in debasement of coastal ecosystem and decreasing the life resources. Environmentally effectual coastal zone direction requires accurate, up to day of the month and comprehensive scientific information on which policy determination can be used.Mangrove Destruction and its ImpactImportance of Rhizophora mangle has been recognised by assorted stakeholders of the society viz. scientists, authorities, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. Accurate estimations of planetary deforestation rates of Rhizophora mangles are non available ; its well-known environmental and socioeconomic impacts are observed and progressively documented in coastal communities that depend straight on Rhizophora mangles, and in highland communi ties with economic links to the seashore. The primary cause of devastation throughout the universe is clear cutting, illegal dumping and renewal ; these are carried for the intent of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban enlargement, and resort development and have threatened the bulk of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. This devastation worsening economic emphasis of mostly low-income, fast turning local population, who are driven to work Rhizophora mangles despite clear marks of debasement. Mangrove woods are a beginning of support for 1000s of coastal communities in developing states worldwide ; these communities traditionally harvest fish, runt, lumber, non-timber wood Products, and fuel wood from them. The importance of the Rhizophora mangle ecosystem transcends purveying services and includes regulative, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. However, these services are decreasing globally, most particularly the provisioning service, and this is seting the supports of coastal communities at hazard and increasing their exposure to tropical storms and rushs. These tendencies are the result of mounting anthropogenetic activities such as brackish H2O aquaculture, mangrove forest glade for substructure development and varied degrees of reaping for subsistence. Because of these force per unit areas, Rhizophora mangles in coastal tropical developing states are being degraded ; for case, 20-30 % of Rhizophora mangle woods have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 ( UNEP-WCMC, 2007 ) .Mangrove and FishingLinkages Between Mangrove and Fishing Fishs and invertebrates use estuarial and onshore home grounds in a figure of ways: some are lone occasional visitants ; some use them merely at certain life phases, whereas others reside for good in the estuaries ( Lenanton & A ; Potter 1987, Potter et Al. 1990, Potter & A ; Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) . There are assorted groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinguishable association with Rhizophora mangle. Fishes which are found on occasion in estuaries are termed as Marine strayers ( Potter & A ; Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) and these strayers have least dependance on estuaries. There are species which uses estuaries and inshore parts for important clip period particularly during juvenile phase merely. In some marine species juveniles are merely found in Rhizophora mangles and these are termed as Rhizophora mangle dependant species ; e.g. , banana shrimp P. merguiensis ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1996 ) . Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine H2O besides use mangrove home grounds at certain life phases e.g. , barramundi Lates calcarifer ( Russell & A ; Garrett 1983 ) . Some species spend their full life rhythm in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species. The importance of Rhizophora mangle for prolonging production of piscary in coastal ecosystem is a widely held paradigm that mangroves act as of import baby's room sites for piscaries species. The map of Rhizophora mangles as baby's room sites is widely accepted ( e.g. , Blaber 2000, Kathiresan & A ; Bingham 2001 ) and this paradigm is used for of import direction determinations on home ground preservation and Restoration of Rhizophora mangle ( Beck et al. 2001 ) . There are besides theories that provinces ; country of Rhizophora mangle home ground in an estuary translates to the secondary production and gimmick of commercial piscaries ( Baran 1999 ) . There are clear instances of illustration which depict the correlativity between the magnitude of commercial finfish gimmicks and the extent of Rhizophora mangles. For illustration, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlativity was found between mangrove country and the gimmick of four households of commercial fish ( Paw & A ; Chua 1991 ) . Freshwater Mangrove Marine Freshwater Mangrove Marine Figure Number of fish and shrimp species happening in fresh water, Marine and mangrove ecosystem demoing higher species diverseness in the Rhizophora mangles ( Islam & A ; Haque 2005 ) . Mangrove as nursery site for fishes: Mangroves and estuaries portion characteristic characteristics such as shallow H2O, reduced wave action, high organic content in the deposit, high primary production and protection from marauders, which may all lend to their function as baby's rooms. Nursery countries for fishes have been regarded as any countries inhabited by the juveniles, frequently with the grownups populating in separate home grounds. But, this definition of baby's room is challenged by Beck et Al, ( 2001 ) ; he proposes a different image of fish baby's rooms â€Å" a home ground is a baby's room for juveniles of a peculiar species if its part per unit country to the production of persons that recruit to adult populations is greater, on norm, than production from other home grounds in which juveniles occur † . Harmonizing to this definition baby's room is that portion of habitat country of juvenile which are most productive in footings of supply of recruits to adult populations and, hence, to piscaries. Based on the generative form and its association with the Rhizophora mangle fishes can be classified into following four classs: a ) Regular spawners The spawning activity of the species occurs on a regular basis in the Rhizophora mangle. The species are non needfully resident in the part, but they ever use it to engender. e.g. S. rastrifer, B. Ronchus B ) Occasional spawners The spawning activity in the Rhizophora mangle is simply occasional. This part can be used to engender, but there is no grounds that a great figure of persons in this group of species use it. These species are non as abundant in the Rhizophora mangle as those of regular spawners. e.g. C. parallelus, C. edentulus degree Celsius ) Matures in system The spawning activity of the species does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, but this part is frequented on a regular basis during the concluding stage of ripening. e.g. I. Parvipinnis vitamin D ) Do non maturate in system The spawning activity does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, and the gonadal ripening, if present, does non happen in many single. e.g. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensis The exact function of Rhizophora mangles as baby's rooms are non good understood but a figure of hypotheses have been proposed to explicate this function ( Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000 ) . The three chief hypotheses are that Rhizophora mangles provide juveniles with ( 1 ) Safety from marauders Numerous piscivorous fish enter Rhizophora mangle during the high tide period ( Blaber et al. 1989, Vance et Al. 1996 ) therefore smaller fishes escape their marauders by come ining in Rhizophora mangle. This is attributed by assorted factors structural complexness of submersed flora, shallow H2O and turbidness can give important safeties from marauders, particularly for little, nomadic animate beings ( Robertson & A ; Duke 1987, Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992 ) . Mangroves provide the protection from prey by structural complexness as Rhizophora mangle home ground is really complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen dust ( leaves, subdivisions and logs ) , prop roots, buttresses and subdivisions. These constructions provide protection in assorted ways: by cut downing prey visibleness, by take downing brush rate of quarry and marauder, and by restricting the ability of marauder to seek for and gaining control quarry ( Ronnback et al. 1999 ) . Shallow H2O status does non favor the entry of big marauders therefore supplying another signifier of garbage for little fishes and crustaceans ( Boesch & A ; Turner 1984, Blaber 2000 ) . It has been observed at assorted topographic points that little fishes and shrimps moved into more shallow Waterss while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper H2O at the peripheries of the Rhizophora mangles. High turbidness and shadow beneath the Rhizophora mangle canopy decreases the submerged visibleness. The turbid and shaded H2O frequently found around Rhizophora mangles may therefore supply an extra safety from ocular marauders ( Blaber & A ; Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999 ) . Juvenile fishes acquire attracted to turbid countries and may utilize the turbidness gradient to turn up nursery countries. Abundances of some fish species have been found to be higher in countries of higher turbidness ( Blaber 2000 ) . Figure: Conceptual conventional diagram of the food and energy fluxes in self-sustained Rhizophora mangle ecosystem and the interaction of Rhizophora mangle with next fresh water and offshore marine ecosystem. ( Beginning: Islam & A ; Haque, 2005 ) ( 2 ) Abundance of nutrient Nutrient content and primary productiveness are normally really high in mangrove country and nutrient handiness is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal home grounds. Food comes to the Rhizophora mangle system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove country by pin downing. Primary productiveness in the Rhizophora mangle forest itself attributed to several beginnings including air plants, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthal microalgae ( Ronnback 1999 ) . Assorted fishes consume most of their provender when they come to the mangrove country. Primary productiveness in Rhizophora mangle wood forms the footing of a nutrient web providing abundant and varied trophic resources to higher consumers ( Baran & A ; Hambrey 1998 ) . Mangrove forest green goods litter throughput the twelvemonth, they have the ability to bring forth big measures of litter, runing from 10,000 to 14,000 kilograms dry weight/ ha/ twelvemonth ( Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984 ) . Most animals are unable to absorb this straight and necessitate bacterial enrichment before ingestion. However, sesarmid pediculosis pubis can straight devour Rhizophora mangle litter and/or store 30-80 % of the litterfall ( Ronnback 1999 ) . These pediculosis pubiss are eaten by fishes, making a tract for Rhizophora mangle foods to come in nutrient webs. ( 3 ) Shelter from physical perturbations Mangrove home ground is the country of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. This provides the little juvenile fishes benign physical environment to settle. Mangrove presence increases the abode clip of H2O, particularly in level, broad Rhizophora mangles with complex waterways ( Wolanski & A ; Ridd 1986 ) . The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana shrimps Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ) , are found entirely in Rhizophora mangle ecosystem ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1998, Ronnback et Al. 2002 ) and are described as extremely mangrove-dependent. It has been established from assorted surveies that approximately two tierce of universe ‘s fish and shellfish crop are straight linked to estuarine home ground ( Robertson & A ; Blaber 1992 ) .Mangrove DestructionAssorted surveies confirm the devastation of Rhizophora mangle throughout the Earth and in peculiar have focused on gauging the entire country cleared, rate of glade, loss of deposits and eroding ( Hatcher et al. 1989, Valiela et Al. 2001, Alongi 2002 ) .

The Crying Tree

In the novel The Crying Tree Naseem Rakha A family goes through one of the hardest things ever, when their son Shep was found murdered. Nate, Shep's father insisted on the family moving to Oregon. Sheps death caused Irene and Nate to fall apart Bliss was too young to truly understand her brother being gone. The family moved back to Illinois, they continued their lives in a sort of trance, never discussing Shep or mentioning his name. Bliss was a forgotten child until she made her mother see that her life was bring wasted. Bliss went off to college defying the standards of her town. Irene struggled with living so she tried to take her own life, after this fail Irene decided that forgiveness of her sons killer was the only way for her to keep living. Daniel was on death row when Nate found out about the letters Irene and Daniel had been writing to each other, the two got into a huge fight that uncovered some secrets about Sheps death that only Daniel and Nate knew of. While finding out about the family you also learn about Superintendent Mason and his struggles of life and dealing with someone on Death row. In the end Irene, the family, Daniel and Mason find their peace. Point of View-The information is received through dialogue mainly and the way these people go through life. The perspective used was effective for this novel because it really gave the feel of the main character Irene and I do not personally connect to Irene because I do not know what it is like to lose a child but the perspective lets me get into her head and learn what she is feeling and what it is like. â€Å"My son is dead, and you want to tell me about justice? There’s no justice for this kind of thing† (Rakha 69). This dialogue really showed what Irene is going through. The novel also shows her husband but mainly through his actions and how he goes through life. Protagonist- The protagonist in this book â€Å"The Crying Tree† is Irene the mourning mother. Irene is mainly revealed through her thoughts and her actions throughout the story. She is a very round character meaning that she changes a lot in this book, for the better one quote that I think really shows Irene is when she finally forgives Daniel for killing her son â€Å"I forgive you for what you did to my son. For whatever it may be worth, I understand people make mistakes in life, Mr. Robbin, and I forgive you yours†(Rakha 126). It took a lot fir Irene to do this. Setting- This novel occurs in Blaine, Oregon and Carlton, Illinois. They are only a few locations describes, the house in Blaine and the house in Carlton, Illinois. The connection of the setting and characters are that the mother Irene and her husband both grew up in a town where almost everywhere a girls goal is to get married. Blaine and Carlton are almost opposite to each other Blaine is a very green beautiful city full of sights and nature while Carlton is a very dry farming state yet Irene felt more safe in comfortable in Carlton yet she felt very unsafe and uncomfortable in Blaine. Blaine, in contrast, looked incidental, an afterthought built by people who had no intention of staying† (Rakha 19). Theme – The major theme in this novel is forgiveness. After Irene’s son died she thought she could never forgive his killer, that he was the worst there was and he truly deserved to die, even said that she wouldn’t rest until he was dead. The death penalty can take years to go through in fact it took 19 years for Daniel to finally be given a death warrant. Throughout the novel Irene starts to realize that her life is horrible, she stopped speaking to her husband, stopped worrying about her daughter and stopped living her life. Irene tried to commit suicide and that is when she hit rock bottom she had to start admitting to herself what she was holding inside. â€Å"Shep died and we just stopped doing things. And now-now I’ve gone and thrown it away, and it’s broken, and, well, it’s gone. It’s all gone† (Rakha 122). After coming to a reality Irene proceeds to forgive Daniel after 10 years because she wants to get on with her life and stop focusing on living in the past. It is also showed through Nate because Nate must work through forgiving himself, for lying and for holding back critical information that could have saved a mans life. Forgiveness is also showed through Daniel and Mason. Mason because we learn about his past and how he feels as if he can ever forgive his brother for the way he used to torture him. Daniel because he needs to learn to forgive himself now that Irene forgave him when he did not deserve it. Title- This title is very appropriate for the book because the author uses the image to show what was going on in Irene’s mind at the funeral and The Crying Tree is used as an example to show how there are things in life you should never have to see. In the novel the title is mentioned at Shep's funeral his little sister is grieving her brother when hes sees a tree and runs to it coming back with her handful of pearls â€Å"They look like tears, like the tree’s crying† (Rakha 37). Personal Recommendation- This novel should be added to the AP curriculum because the book used many great examples of literary devices including scenery, character flat and round, metaphor, structure, narration and many more. This book allows you to see through another perspective and not just one many different perspectives. This book was also very enjoyable and I am sure many students would enjoy reading the story of Irene and her family.

Is Advertising Good for the Economy Essay

Nowadays, in business world, advertising is considered a powerful tool for competition. Consumers can get useful information from advertisements and can choose products which best suits them according to their needs. Advertising play a significant role in the US economy it assists American economy to function smoothly. Furthermore, it keeps prices low and helps the entry of new organizations in domestic and global market depends on the organization’s business. Advertising especially in the US, is considered as an economic work horse which has performed colossal feats with little credit. However, the work horse often pocks his nose in places where he is not supposed to. Unfortunately, according to O’Connor, â€Å"Unless product meanings change in the populations, advertisers continue to associate the same values with the same products†. (O’Connor, 1996) At present, the US market has become a highly mobile consumer-centric society. In this speedy market everyday millions of dollars exchange through internet and by other sources. The American economy has been conquered by retail and service business industry, and in both industries ads play a fundamental role in boosting their products and services demand. In this regard, any retailing or service business industry if desired to get succeed, both must advertise their product for consumers about product quality, cost and some useful information. In this context, outdoor signs have experienced as the most rapid communicative and cost effective tool. In the year 2004, the economy of Missouri generated approximately 108 billions dollars. According to a research conducted by Davidson revealed the facts that in the year 2004, the aggregate economic activity produced by ads, which includes direct expenditure, goods provider spending and inter-organization activity generated approximately twenty percent of the nation’s 548 billion dollar economic activity and also provided around 429,700 jobs, or fifteen percent of the nation’s workforce of 2. 9 million. Interestingly, the study also showed that the total income earned from the advertising industry was about 108 billion dollars that had a direct link with 54 billion dollars sale. In the same year, around 429,654 individuals got jobs through advertising and positively affected Missouri’s economy in a healthy way. Moreover, 94257, jobs were generated in sales department in various organizations which was the outcome of excessive adverting in all sorts of media. Furthermore, the idea of outdoor signs in America gained so much popularity and in this regard both sate and federal state declared signage as a secure, fast and easy way for advertisement. The study also disclosed that the ads simulated additional buys by providing significant and useful information to a wide range of consumers in the household and businesses, which was also a crucial factor in the market economy. (Davidson, 2005) Due to severe business competition among most of the business organizations in the US, an overwhelming growth of adverting agencies has been observed. Advertising agencies list have showed a constant growth over the past few decades, other than agencies contributed the honor in former years, none have offered substantial or handsome national ads or print campaigns. In spite of a collective ten percent growth in billings from 1. 781 billion dollars in 2004 to 1. 963 billion dollars in 2005 a huge number of ads agencies received a decreased in accounts also declined in cash flow and profitability. According to a study conducted by insider’s reporters from Universal Mc Cann showed that, advertising expenses increased by 4. 5 percent in the year 2005 as compare to 2004 figures. Interestingly, during that rising period black ad agencies did not contribute to country’s economy as much amount as predicted. (Advertising agencies, 2006) A study conducted by The Direct Marketing Association showed that, in New York, in the year 2005, different organizations spent around 161 billion dollars on direct marketing. When this investment measured against total New York income this also had a direct relation with the advertising expenses of that period. Entirely, direct marketing share was 10. 3 percent of the total US Gross Domestic Product in 2005. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) In the past decade, a tremendous growth has been seen in online advertisement In this regard, two different images marked the way of efficient online advertising which included: direct response or brand building. Due to the abundance availability of computers online advertisement has become a yardstick for consumers. Advertising especially in the US, developed in reply to a huge expansion in markets. For example, product manufacturers and service sellers attempts to reach ever growing customers throughout the nation. In this context, many organizations have adopted technological equipment, better management and so on to meet not only the desired quality of the customers but also provide products on time. According to a research conducted by Molinari and Turino in 2006: o Expenses on ads are positively correlated with Gross Domestic Product. o Both consumption and investment has a direct relation with ads expenditures. o The organization’s ads positively impact on family demand of good. As a whole, it connotes that ads positively impacts the aggregate utilization of the economy as if it were an exogenic demand shock. o At state level advertisers contribute a multitude of taxes which normally includes, property tax, state income tax so forth. (Molinari and Turino, 2006) â€Å"The latest e Marketer estimates put total US Internet ad spending at $16. 4 billion this year, a 30. 8% gain over last year’s $12. 5 billion. The prime engine behind such strong growth is Google, whose US online advertising revenues are expected to be more than $4 billion (after subtracting traffic acquisition costs paid to network partners). † (Hallerman, 2006). Outstanding results of advertising will continue to come in the last months of 2007; with aggregate US online ad spending reaches at the end of this year around 19. 5 billion dollars. Nonetheless, this will be because of overall US economic weaknesses, in the United States real Gross Domestic Product growth is likely to down from over 3 percent in the year 2006 to around two percent in 2007. It is interesting to note that, in spite of the fact that the United States economy is considered a soft economy, growth in online advertisement will continue to rise by 17. 5 percent in the next year. Merrill Lynch a media analyst Lauren Rich Fine said on Friday, December 1, as reported by Media Post, 2. 6 percent expenditure on aggregate ads for 2007 is not astonishing, and can be devoted as a more muted economic in the following year. Furthermore, as Steve Fredericks, the president and CEO of TNS Media Intelligence, said e Marketer in early December, â€Å"We see GDP remaining sluggish at least through the first half of 2007†. (Hallerman, 2006) The year 2008, the United States Gross Domestic Product is expected to get closer to three percent. Online advertisements will also bounce with a 22. 1 percent significant increase as compare to 2007. This is also expecting that, due to the fact that political races primarily depended on internet communication, with the 2008 election, ads will share a significant amount on overall country’s economy. Besides, 2008 summer Olympics will also play a tremendous role in advertisement investing. (Hallerman, 2006). A study conducted by Direct Marketing Today (DMA), the study primarily reported the top line outcomes from the DMA insight econometric model of the United States direct marketing activities for the state as a whole, the Business to consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B), the most important direct marketing media, and for the economy’s of around 50 organizations group. Some study’s interesting findings are: Continue Growth By the year 2009, it is estimated that the sales driven by direct marketing will grow by 6. 4 percent, which will be 5. 3 percent up if compare to 1999 to 2004 figures. Jobs DM- driven employment is forecasted to grow by two percent per annum throughout 2009. The report also showed that, in the year 2005, direct marketing expenses directly supported 10. 6 million jobs. That was not only included direct marketers but also other employees whose requirement were needed to fulfill increased orders produced by direct marketing. High Return on Investment In 2005, an investment of dollar 1 in direct marketing ad expenses returned, on average 11. 49 incremented incomes across all organizations. Important Part of the Advertising Mix â€Å"Direct marketing advertising expenditures accounted for 47. 9% of total advertising in 2004, up from 46. 9% in 1999†. (Growth Trends Continue, 2005) Conclusion In today’s world of complex business, in order to survive in a severe competition market both domestic and international organizations paying a large amount of their product cost in shape of advertisement. Certainly, virtually all types of business even those not perceived as major marketers rely on advertising for their economic well-being. As discussed above, no body can deny the statement that, in the US ads play a vital role in boosting up the nation’s economy. Thousands of individuals every year get jobs through internet, newspapers, billboards and TV ads, consequently, decreasing unemployment ratio of the country. Throughout it has also been observed that, expenditures on ads have a direct link with the US total sale of each year. In this regard, ads share a fairly large amount in the US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Certainly, through advertising almost all consumers come to know about product cost its specific features and most importantly ad gives a consumer an open right to discriminate between two identical products and buy the good one. References Advertising agencies: (June, 2006), A sluggish economy, reduced margins, and institutional racism are delivering severe blows to black ad agencies. Black Enterprise, Davidson Jim, (2005), Davidson & Company for The Advertising Coalition Growth Trends Continue for Direct Marketing, (September 29, 2005) http://www. the-dma.org/cgi/disppressrelease? article=704 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Hallerman David, (DECEMBER 6, 2006)Internet Advertising Will Weather a Sluggish Economy, Growth in Internet ad spending will slow next year before rebounding in 2008. http://www. emarketer. com/Article. aspx? id=1004345 Accessed, July 27, 2007 Molinari Benedetto, Turino Francesco, (May 31, 2006), The role of Advertising in the Aggregate Economy: the Working-Spending Cycle O’Connor Gina Colarelli, (1996), Translating Values into Product Wants, Journal of Advertising Research, Volume: 36. Issue: 6. Page Number: 90+.