Website Use Greatly Increases Knowledge of Breast Cancer...

Website Use Greatly Increases Knowledge of Breast Cancer It is the second leading cause of death in the United States, killing thousands of people each year. Cancer has certainly become a growing epidemic in our society, and breast cancer is one of its most prevalent forms. One in nine women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, making it the most common form of cancer in women, and for many of them, this will mark the end of their life. This plague clearly needs to be taken under control, and organizations like the National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (NABCO) intend to do just that. NABCO and other similar organizations aim to educate people about breast cancer in order to ultimately†¦show more content†¦The first tab reads â€Å"home,† which is the page that the site opens with, and clicking on this tab will take the user back to this page whenever they have gone elsewhere. Right beneath its name on its homepage, NABCO writes its slogan: â€Å"The more you know, the less you fear.† These words alone really seem to state their goal right away- this is an informative and educational site. Women who are educated about breast cancer are not only more likely to take the necessary precautions to avoid developing the disease, but also are more inclined to know how to deal with it if they do find this disease plaguing their lives. Therefore, educated women have less to fear, making this slogan very accurate to NABCO’s purpose. This slogan also does a lot to establish the site’s pathos appeal. Mentioning such an emo tion as â€Å"fear† in conjunction with breast cancer causes women to want to find out more about the disease in an attempt to avoid this â€Å"fear† invading their own lives. NABCO has been operating for seventeen years now, and, as it states on its homepage, is â€Å"the leading non-profit information and education resource on breast cancer in the U.S.† This statement says a lot about NABCO’s credibility, really developing its ethos appeal. However, it also says a lot about the organization’s purpose. Since it is a non-profit organization, it is truly believable that its sole intent is to educate, rather thanShow MoreRelatedParenthood : A Non Profit Organization That Does A World Of Good?966 Words   |  4 PagesDo you think it’s right to defund a non-profit organization that does a world of good? I most certainly don’t. Planned Parenthood protects, supports, and educates our society greatly from the services they provide. This essay will provide evidence and reasoning that prove that Planned Parenthood is a beneficial necessity for society, proving that it would be a horrific mistake if Congress chose t o defund Planned Parenthood. First things first, it is important to know that Planned Parenthood mainlyRead MoreHigh Energy X Ray Machines881 Words   |  4 Pagesmachines began to be developed and advertised. By 1937 these new machines could achieve one MV of radiation. This greatly improved the success rate of cancer treatments using radiation therapy. Inoperable cancers such as cervical and larynx cancers were now able to be cured by using these high energy x-ray machines (Robison). In less than fifty years a new treatment method for cancer had been invented and it was improving rapidly. Along with this new treatment there would need to be new safety measuresRead MoreAccuracy And Accuracy Of Knowledge1595 Words   |  7 PagesKnowledge is considered accurate when there is sufficient evidence that it is the truth. Over time, methods of verifying the accuracy of knowledge change. As learners, we often equate accuracy with the value of knowledge, however, the value of accuracy is dependent on the area of knowledge under consideration. Today, accuracy in the natural sciences is vital as any error can be catastrophic. In 1986, a flawed reactor and human error caused the Chernobyl disaster that exposed millions to radiationRead MoreEssay on Abortion Needs to be Limited and Regulated1679 Words   |  7 PagesPregnancy can be either wonderful, or terrifying. Complications result in miscarriages and deaths every day, and the weight of that knowledge can drown any expectant mothers joy in anxiety. Fear for the life that the child will lead, or even fear of how the child was conceived can send many to the abortion clinic or the nearest hospital that provides this procedure. However, many women who choose to end their child’s life may not realize the pain they are putting themselves through, and the alternativesRead MoreReducing Client Costs And Client Incentives1682 Words   |  7 Pagesthought the website gave some great and helpful information regarding interventions that can be addressed for cancer. Although, there are certainly some areas I believe that could be addressed better or explored in greater depth. In all three cancers small media, client reminders, and one-on-one education seemed to be the best intervention approach. Brochures, calls, and assistance scheduling are all specific small media that are being utilized to better help and remind people for cancer screeningRead More DNA Chip - Genetic Testing of the Future Essay2397 Words   |  10 Pagessides Public policy pertaining to genetic testing and the use of the DNA chip and My personal opinion regarding the use of the DNA chip. Definition of Genetic Testing Genetic testing is the analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, and certain metabolites in order to detect heritable disease-related genotypes, mutations, phenotypes, or karyotypes for clinical purposes (6). There are several genetic tests currently in use which are used to look for a possible predisposition to certainRead MoreThe Internet-a Curse, Not a Blessing1519 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding violence against women. Moreover, even without purposely clicking onto pornography links, unwanted sexually explicit ‘pop ups’ plague the average Internet user’s computer. I remember once doing a research paper on breast cancer, when upon typing in the word ‘breasts’ onto a particular search engine, literally scores of sexually explicit ‘pop ups’ terrorized my computer. They fiendishly popped up, one after the other as I worked feverishly to close those malevolent sites before anyone passRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Outlawed17 52 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is abusive, ineffective, and should be outlawed. The use of animals in life sciences has been in laboratories for over a century. The American Medical Society endorses allowing testing of all animals to create new medicine or treatments for humans. Ever since animal testing has been put into action, many people have expressed their ethical and scientific unease about the experiments. Not only does the procedure cause the creature physical pain and psychological distress, but also itRead MoreReflective Practice in Oncology Nursing3668 Words   |  15 Pageshealth and illness and across all setting of care. Nurses assess and plan care to deal with the multidimensional range of needs for those faced with cancer. Nurses have been integrally concerned in efforts focused on cancer prevention, and they also are essential in the emerging area of clinical heredity for prevention and early detection of cancer. I am a staff nurse with more than ten year s of experience in oncology department; I have developed the oncology nursing skill in a one of the privateRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Should Be Banned2637 Words   |  11 Pagessomething related to seafood be found in a vegetable? This is where genetically modified foods enter the picture. Genetically modified foods are unnaturally produced. Their consumption has been linked with several serious health disorders including cancer. Presence of genetically modified food in the market must be banned. This is a weakly regulated practice and is not only damaging human health but is also slowly but steadily affecting the environment. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) were introduced

Argumentative Essay on Fathers Role in Childs Upbringing

Argumentative Essay on Fathers Role in Childs Upbringing Father’s Role in Child’s Upbringing It was always well-known that father is an important and very influential person for everyone, although in the past his role was often underestimated. Why it was so? Why has this situation changed? I will explain my point of view. The standpoint that father is not so important for a child was formed first of all because children from the very moment of their birth are more attached to their mother, as they need their milk, love and care. Moreover, fathers are often busy at work, seeing their children less frequently. But what is peculiar, men often spend the time they have with children not so eagerly, or don’t want to do it at all. I think that one of the main reasons for this lies in their wives. They are somehow sure that their men won’t be able to cope with the kid and will do harm to them. Thus, they limit even that minute amount of time fathers have for children to almost nothing. And men start to think that it is right and that they are not responsible for their children till it is time to take them from some night club. But they can’t be more wrong, as well as their wives. Father is extremely important for successful development of child’s psyche. He can teach his kids so much, and, what is important, his children are eager to receive this knowledge and are always happy to listen to everything their father tells them. And it is so important for each mother to encourage her husband to spend more time with his children, and spend it productively. Fortunately, nowadays the situation I described above happens more and more rarely, and now fathers start to take care of their children from the first days of their life. And I think that it is the best situation that can be. It signifies that our society becomes better and better and the next generations, brought up with more father’s influence than ours, will be much better and happier.

Ethics in Social Work Free Essays

In psychology and social work, dual relationships and clinical boundaries are often common. They are often unclear and most times the professional has a difficult time noticing them developing. Ethical dilemmas are found in all professions, but are often different in type and solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Social Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are hard to identify and even harder to make a clear decision. Dual relationships and clinical boundaries are one of the biggest ethical dilemmas social workers face because of the difficulties of finding the line between the professional role and the empathetic role a social worker plays. Social work is a profession that helps to solve complex human problems and create a more just and caring society. One of the foundations of social work is the focus on the strengths, as opposed to the shortcomings, of individuals, families and communities so that creative solutions for complex social problems can be found. The profession is characterized by a steadfast commitment to social justice in the service of empowering individuals, families and communities to meet their needs. Few professions offer many different types of employment opportunities. Social workers serve as counselors, in adoption, domestic violence, rehabilitation, hospice, mental health, youth, community development workers, public policy analysts, global rights workers; and in juvenile and adult justice systems, just to name a few. However, the main job of a social worker, however, is to help the client to reach a more stable environment, but to go about it a specific way dependent on the job the social worker held. Each job might come with different ethical problems, but social workers have to follow a strict code of ethics that have guidelines to help them make the correct decisions. The NASW, National Association of Social Work, is the largest group of professional social workers. It is the group that wrote the NASW code of ethics, which are followed by all social workers across the United States (NASW, 2008). Ethics are the underlying rules put in place to help society better function. Usually, they are hard to identify and can be interpreted in many different ways. Each person has their own ethical standards, which is why it’s necessary to have ethical codes that make it more general and help each professional make his or her own ethical decision. Ethics play a huge role into social work. Without an ethical background or a code of ethics it could harm not only a client, but also the social worker himself. The biggest struggle that comes along with ethics is the fact that each individual usually interprets them differently. Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to right and wrong that advise what humans should do, in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics can refer to those standards that make humans refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include ideals relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical; therefore it is necessary to constantly examine one’s standards to ensure that they are reasonable. The NASW Code of Ethics was written to serve as a guide to the everyday professional conduct of social workers. It includes four sections. The first section, â€Å"Preamble,† summarizes the social work profession’s mission and core values. The second section, â€Å"Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics,†Ã‚  provides an overview of the Code’s main functions and a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice. The third section,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ethical Principles,† presents broad ethical principles, based on social work’s core values, that inform social work practice. The final section, â€Å"Ethical Standards,†Ã‚  includes specific ethical standards to guide social workers’ conduct and to provide a basis for adjudication. The Code of Ethics, as used today, was approved  by the 1996 NASW Delegate Assembly and revised by the 1999 NASW Delegate Assembly. (NASW, 2008) The NASW code of ethics is used to help guide social workers when it comes to making ethical decisions in the field. It is used to help give every therapist and client the same treatment and ethical decisions. Usually, each profession has a different code of ethics due to the fact that each profession has a diverse set of ethical issues that come with it. Dual relationships or multiple relationships are interactions in which a client is treating a patient, but is also interacting with them in some other way. It can also be if a therapist is in a professional role with a person and promises to enter into another relationship in the future with that person or someone closely related to the individual. Dual roles refer to two different roles and multiple roles are when more than two overlapping roles exist. For example if a therapist is treating their child’s teacher, their child’s friend, having sexual relations with the client, or are close to the client in some way. Dual relationships are against the APA ethics code and can cause harm to the patient in some cases. A therapist should never work with people who he or she might have to interact with on a causal level instead of a patient-therapist level, not only for the patient’s confidentiality, but also to help keep the therapist from giving preferential treatment (Barnett, Vasquez, Moorehead-Slaughter, Johnson, 2007) Dual relationships can also allow a therapist to misuse their power and influence. The practitioner is in a position to exploit the client for his or her own personal gain. The problem of the dual relationships and the second relationship, the counselor is now susceptible to other interests (personal, financial, or social) that he or she may put before the best interests of the client. Problems that arise usually occur when the professional boundaries are not clear to begin with. Therefore, boundaries should be included as part of the intake paperwork. The wording should be clear and specifically state the therapist’s intentions. The therapist-client relationship is one that does not permit contact in a casual manner outside the therapy session. This includes work relationships, social conversations or any type of romantic or sexual contact. † The therapist can state something about not giving personal information to a client, as there is no need for them to know this kind of thing. If the client signs the consent form, a contract is in effect and should not be breached by either party. Not only does the therapist have to gauge the client and the way he or she processes things, but also what the client could take inappropriate. Although it may seem appropriate in a therapist’s eyes it could be inappropriate in the client’s eyes and vice versa. (Syme, 2003) The therapist has to keep a close eye on their actions and make sure their client is not seeing it differently than they are. There are three factors that counselors should consider. First, there is a greater risk of harm when the expectations of client and counselor are mismatched. When clients have one set of assumptions about the ground rules of the relationship, and the professional has a different set of assumptions, there is an increased chance of susceptibility. Another factor is that there is potential for divided loyalties and an associated loss of objectivity. Counselors who have personal, social or business relationships with their clients, are at risk because their self-interest may be involved and thus compromise the client’s best interest. Finally, by the very nature of the counselor/client relationship, clients are more dependent, have less authority and are vulnerable. Due to this power differential, it is the responsibility of the professional to ensure that the client in the relationship is not harmed. One key feature of boundary issues is a conflict of interest that harms clients. Conflicts of interest occur when professionals find themselves in a relationship that could prejudice or give the appearance of prejudicing their decision-making. Thus a counselor who provides services to a client with whom he would like to develop a sexual relationship faces a conflict of interest; the professional’s personal interests collide with his or her professional duty to avoid harming his or her client. Zur, American Psychological Association, 2007) Social workers should be alert to and avoid conflicts of interest that interfere with the exercise of professional discretion and impartial judgment. Social workers should also inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises and take reasonable steps to resolve the issue in a manner that makes the clients’ interests primary and protects clients’ interests to the greatest extent possible. In some cases, protec ting clients’ interests may require termination of the professional relationship with proper referral of the client (standard 1. 6[a]), NASW, 2008). The code goes on to say that â€Å"social workers should not engage in dual or multiple relationships with clients or former clients in which there is a risk of exploitation or potential harm to the client† (standard 1. 06[c], NASW, 2008). While treating someone in therapy, a counselor has to be careful about how their patient is going to interpret their actions and words. When a patient is in therapy, a lot of times they don’t have anyone around to support them and help them overcome their obstacles. That being said, it’s the job of the therapist to be that person for their client and help them to succeed. As a client gets closer to his or her therapist, sometimes the slightest of things can be taken in the wrong way. For example, as trust is built the slightest of things can trigger a client to see their therapist in a different light. As a counselor, a pat on the back, hand touch, ect can seem like nothing to you, but to the client can seem like a sexual advance. This an be detrimental to a client and can break all the trust the therapist had built up, putting the patient back to the beginning of the process (Smith, Fitzpatrick, 1995) When the psychologist and the patient develop an extracurricular relationship, this dual relationship can threaten the psychologist’s ability to act impartially as a therapist and the patient’s ability to receive proper treatment in their vulnerable state. If psychologists are not held accountable to prevent this type of behav ior, they can harm the reputation of all clinical psychologists. Personal relationships imply a bias and the private relationship can cross over into therapy and treatment. The term â€Å"conflict of interest† applies to dual relationships because no matter how objective a psychologist tries to be, their own emotions may taint their trained perceptions. Conflict of interest can be applied to a variety of situations, such as the psychologist should not treat a family member or close friend due to the possibility of favoritism or being non-objective, and could interfere with the treatment being given and received. The psychological ethical codes clearly prohibit the interaction of a personal relationship between the psychologist and the client. Dual relationships and clinical boundaries are one of the biggest ethical dilemmas social workers are faced with; trying to find the line between the professional role and the empathetic role a social worker plays. This being said, as a social worker it is important to distance the client, but also to build trust. It takes time to learn the boundaries and how to avoid crossing them. This is just one of the biggest challenges social workers have to overcome in their field. Reference Page: Barnett J, Lazarus A, Vasquez M, Moorehead-Slaughter O, Johnson W (2007) Boundary Issues and Multiple Relationships: Fantasy and Reality; Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38 (4) 401-410 doi: 10. 1037/0735-7028. 38. 4. 401 Herlihy, B and Corey G. (1992) Dual Relationships in Counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling Development Reamer, G. F. PhD (2011, October 13). Eye on Ethics Social Work Today, retrieved from http://www. socialworktoday. om/news/eoe_101311. shtml Smith, D. and Fitzpatrick, M. (1995) Patent-Therapist Boundary Issues: An Integrative Review of Theory and Research, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26 (5), 499-506 doi: 10. 1037/0735-7028. 26. 5. 499 Syme, G (2003) Dual Relationships in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Exploring the Limits, London: Sage Publications Zur, O and American Psychological Association (2007) Boundaries in Psychotherapy Ethical and Clinical Explorations. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association http://www. socialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp How to cite Ethics in Social Work, Essay examples

Cash Flow Analysis free essay sample

Several factors have made Interco an attractive takeover target: 1) Interco’s stock is undervalued due to poor performance in the apparel and general merchandising divisions, which have weakened Interco’s valuation as a whole. 2) As stated by the equity analysts, Interco is an over capitalized company with potential to grow, which makes an acquisition easy to finance. 3) Interco is also a cash generative target for a potential acquirer as it generates approximately $0. 10 of operating cash flow for every dollar of sales. ) The company is also structured in a way that it could be broken up and sold into its constituent parts, which could prove to be worth more than the whole. 2. As a member of the Board of Interco, neither the Premiums Paid Analysis nor the Comparable Transaction Analysis is very convincing. ?Premiums Paid Analysis – At first glance, the premiums paid analysis indicates that the Rales Proposal undervalues the stock relative to other recent transac tions. We will write a custom essay sample on Cash Flow Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this measure has limited reliability in that it is not directly related to the company’s financial outlook. Additionally, this analysis does not indicate which industries are being used as comps, so it is impossible to tell how relevant this data really is. ?Comparable Transaction Analysis – Since Interco is a conglomerate, no one industry segment will provide an accurate measure of the effectiveness of the Rales Proposal in the aggregate. Also none of the comps are even close in size to the aggregate valuation range of the Rales Proposal. Therefore, thee comps may not be relevant as smaller companies may have different growth and profitability dynamics. . See Discounted Cash Flow Analysis #1 for a discounted cash flow analysis using Wasserstein’s assumptions, which support their proposed valuation range. As a member of the Board we would question the following assumptions: †¢Assumptions related to the apparel division seem higher than warranted: oThe projected growth rate of 7. 1% is significantly higher than the recent historical performance of -10% and -. 5% for the l ast two years, respectively. oThe projected operating margin of 6. 4% is much higher than the recently declining trend of 7. %, 5. 5% and 2. 5% for the last 3 years, respectively. †¢Footwear division’s projected growth rate of 6. 3% is significantly lower than the recent performance of 19% and 34% over the last two years respectively. Also, it is projected to be the lowest of the four divisions despite being the best performer recently. †¢Terminal value multiples of 14x-16x seem high. The Board should ask for additional support to validate these assumptions †¢Discount rate of 10-13%. 10% seems low given the corporate bond rates and the risk free rates given in Exhibit 14. We should also perform a Weighted Average Cost of Capital calculation based on the desired equity return of the investors and the potential Debt/Equity ratio. A preliminary estimate assuming a 60%/40% D/E ratio, a required equity return of 20%, a required debt return of 10% and a 41% tax rate would require a minimum discount rate of 11. 5%. 4. Given the information provided, $70 seems like a reasonable offer worthy of consideration. The $70 offer is in range based of the Wasserstein analysis and Rales has indicated its willingness to increase the bid if supported by further due diligence. There is no reason to believe that Interco could potentially get a higher bid given that no other suitors exist and also given the recent performance of the stock prior to the news of the initial takeover offer. The stock was trading in the $32. 25-$53. 25 range over the last 2 ? years with an average trading price $41. 50. Additionally, if the management team rejects the bid, it still must execute a restructuring plan in order to unlock the true value of the firm. Given the risk involved with this strategy it is uncertain that they would be able to actually increase Interco’s value. Upon further analysis, whereby we adjusted for the appropriate growth rate and profit potential of the Apparel division, we have determined that a more accurate valuation range for Interco is $61 $70/ share. See Discounted Cash Flow Analysis #2 for a revised discounted cash flow analysis and stock value range. As a result, we would advise the board to accept City Capital’s offer based on (i) our revised analysis, (ii) due to the fact that there are no alternative bids for the company and (iii) the risk associated with management’s restructuring plan. 5. The Board When the Board hired Wasserstein, Perella, Co. to stop the Rales brothers it appears it neglected its fiduciary responsibility of the shareholders and worked instead in its own best interests. Instead of attempting to understand the reason for the takeover and analyzing the pros and cons of a potentially friendly merger, the Board threw up an automatic roadblock. The Board is primarily comprised of Intercos top executives out of the 14 named directors, only seven are independent shareholders who are not employed by Interco or one of its subsidiaries or divisions. The Board initially instituted certain poison pill provisions to prevent a takeover. This alone is not indicative of a breach of fiduciary duty to the shareholders, but on August 8, 1988 the Board approved golden parachute protections for Intercos senior executives which would be triggered on acquisition by a third party. The total value of these agreements was $16. 3M. At this time all directors, nominees and officers of Interco (not just those on the Board) beneficially owned only 1. 14% of all outstanding shares of Interco. After receiving the Rales Proposal, the Board attempted to determine the value of Interco based on a third party analysis. This analysis was biased, though, as Wasserstein’s compensation was based on the wrong incentive whereby they receive an additional $3. 8 million fee if they got City Capital rescind the offer and successfully recapitalized the Company. As a result, the Wasserstein analysis was not truly objective. Further, the Board could (and probably should) have made a counter offer to the City Capital proposal rather than rejecting it outright. Wasserstein, Perella, Co Wasserstein faces conflict of interest due to the structure of its compensation agreement. Wasserstein gets a bonus if the takeover does not occur. With this type of perverse incentive, Wasserstein’s objectivity is impaired and its valuation is unreliable. The Rales Brothers The Rales Brothers appeared to correctly identify a target whether for friendly merger or hostile takeover. The Rales are acting deliberately and seriously to acquire Interco. They have filed with the SEC and have arranged financing. They have made two firm offers and have indicated willingness to increase their bid should Interco provide empirical support to justify a higher stock price. The Rales appear to be behaving deliberately, but fairly, as they have announced their intention to potentially break up the company. Drexel Burnham Obviously Drexel is fully on board with this deal. They are highly confident that Drexel could raise up to $1. 375B in capital with an additional $1. 1B in debt commitments from Chase.

The History and Art of Music an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The History and Art of Music by Expert Dr Olivia | 27 Dec 2016 History of Music Music has been used in history even earlier than language has been used. Among others, if all cultures had something in common, it was that music had been a part of their history, has been known to influence and shape different cultures and have been part in the development of the society. Reciprocally, the cultures music is heavily influenced by many aspects about the society such as the pervading culture itself, the socio-economic situation, the environment, as well as the technology (History of Music, 2006). Need essay sample on "The History and Art of Music" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Music is influenced by the environment because the composers as part of the society cannot be separated from the context in which they belong. Thus, it can be said that music has been influencing and at the same time, is being influenced by the many factors that shape the society. This can be illustrated by most periods in history starting from the prehistoric to the present. People Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper in time? Essay writer professionals propose: Academic Paper Writing Services Professional Writers For Hire Write My Essay For Me Cheap Custom Essay Company The prehistoric times can be said to be the period when man was most unified with nature and it is not surprising for historians to theorize that music during that period was influenced by natural sounds such as birdsongs, wind blowing, and the rustles of leaves (Music, 2006). For civilization to proceed there must be a way of communication among men and in the prehistoric times, and historians believe that men use sounds imitated from nature to communicate with others. Music predating language is referred to as prehistoric music. Examples of such music include the Native American Music, Aboriginal Music and what non-European continents call folk, indigenous, or traditional music (History of Music, 2006). The term Ancient music refers to the music that followed Prehistoric. Their only difference is that ancient music existed in a period when man had become more civilized antedating the beginning of language (History of Music, 2006). As the different societies develop and as men became more civilized, so did the music and its purpose. But to all societies, the purpose of music was and is still among entertainment, celebration and religion. In Asia, particularly in China and Japan for example, music had been a part of court entertainment. Japan had religious songs, gathering songs and childrens songs. India, in its classical times used music as a religious inspiration addressed to their religious deities, as a form of cultural expression or pure entertainment (History of Music, 2006). History may show that music had similar purposes for different societies but the development of music in history has always been tracked through its evolution in the West, particularly, in Europe. Very little is known about the perse musical traditions of not only in other parts of the world but particularly in medieval Europe where as said earlier, was the point of reference in describing the history of music. It was only during the Middle Ages, when the power of the Roman Catholic Church was at its peak that these various musical traditions were unified (History of Music, 2006). During this time, musical development centered on the Church and very few music emerged that was not influenced by religion. This was because the Roman Catholic Church then was as powerful as to suppress any music that was not religiously inspired to favor liturgical music on the other hand. It is during this time that liturgical music, most popular at present as the Gregorian Chant started. It is thought that it was Pope Gregory I himself who had been the composer of the liturgical music. In addition, it was also during this period that polyphonic music was sung and notation was reinvented. The invention of polyphonic music and the reinvention of notation allowed many schools of music to flourish. Among which include the St. Martial School, Notre Dame School, Santiago de Compostela and the English School. With the rise of these schools was the development of secular songs which include the music of the troubadours, trouveres and Minnesanger from which evolved the early Renaissance musical forms (History of Music, 2006). Renaissance in Music began in Northern Europe. The early Renaissance music is said to be a reaction against the technicalities imposed by the previous styles. Music during this period contained balanced and less complex melody and balanced polyphony in all voices. From then, composers and musicians began spreading in Europe to be employed by the Church and the Aristocratic society such as the Medici, Este and Sforza. Several musical styles developed afterwards: there were styles of simplicity in sacred music which was developed by the Council of Trent; styles directed towards complexity which was best exemplified by the avant-garde style of the Venetian School. After revolutionary movements in music, which aimed to restore the music of the Ancient Greeks, monodic acts were developed. These monodic acts were what are now called the opera which beginning defined the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque from which, Instrumental music started its dominance (History of Music, 2006). During the Baroque period, the traditional Church music continued but it was secular music that became dominant. Sonatas and concertos were developed. The most dominant musical instruments during this period were the harpsichord and a bass instrument, either viola or bassoon. Baroque music was known for its improvisation (Merker, 2000). It was during this period that prominent composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel and Antonio Vivaldi arose. After Baroque was the Classical period o music which was characterized by singable melodies with an accompaniment and a homophonic texture. The voice-like melodies during this period allowed the replacement of singers in operas by instrumental music (Merker, 2000). Musical forms such as sonata, symphony and concerto then dominated the musical scenes. The most prominent musician during this period was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Merker, 2000). Dramatical musical representations became popular during the Romantic period of music. This allowed the expansion of the orchestra as well as made popular concerts. Among the prominent figures in this period were Chopin, Johann Strauss II, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, and Wagner (History of Music, 2006). As technology developed, and as different cultures merge, so was the role of music. With globalization allowing its easier dissemination, music was not limited to clubs and concerts. Types of music became perse and music became more visual. The modern music allowed more freedom and experimentation in terms of musical styles (History of Music, 2006). Music as an Art Art is defined as mans way communicating or expressing himself to attain beauty and/or understanding of both himself and the things around him. This means that music, when used by man for expression is controlled by the composer, who is then controlled or influenced by the society, environment or context in which he belongs. This means, music as a form of art is influenced by the context in which it belongs to. Music as an art form is influenced by history and has the power to change or sway history as well. Music as a form of expression is controlled by man using its different elements and aspects of sound. These elements include melody, harmony, rhythm, tone and form. Sound aspects include pitch, timber, loudness and duration (Music, 2006). These elements and sound aspects are controlled by both the composer and the performer. During the composition and production of music, it is the composer who has the power to input his creativity towards the certain work. He or she can control almost all elements. But once the music is performed, it is the performer who has the control over the musics form. The performer could change the melody, loudness and pitch of a composition, different from what the composer may have intended, depending on what the performer chooses or how the performer wants to express the composition. During the performance, everything about how the composition is to be performed is the performers decision to make and the composer would not have any control however precise the composition is. This is termed as the interpretation. In terms of expression, art genres such as jazz and blues could be considered more artistic as it gives the artist more freedom to improvise. In these genres, artists have more control the melody, harmony and the rhythmic framework of the composition (Owen, 2000). Among all types, it is that with the most freedom of improvisation that is considered of greatest artistry and this involves of course the spontaneity of thought during the performance itself. This is art in music with the performer in focus (Owen, 2000). If the composers art is to be emphasized, the music should be looked at in terms of its processes. These processes are what create the music that the performer is to make. This is what involves the elements of music which creates the sounds. To understand more effectively the art and construction of music, the elements and sound aspects are used. The most common tool used in judging the quality of a musical composition is rhythm which is the process in which music occurs in time (Music, 2006). The creation of sounds varies from composer to composer depending on their styles, tastes and their own personal biases and influences. But usually, the process or composition of music is judged based on the examination of the elements of music as described in the practice in Western Classical music, now involving more common methods such as the African Jazz and rap music (Music, 2006). The Art in music is in musics nature itself. As a form of expression, the art in music is in its elements and in the processes in which the artists, particularly the composers and performers are able to manipulate it for their own purposes. Summary Different cultures had different variations in musical styles. Other than the cultural aspect, music also varied from different periods from the use of instruments and techniques to the use of music as well. Music has been shaped by mans history and culture and likewise, it has contributed to the development of mans culture as well especially since it has been considered not only as a form of entertainment and ceremonies but for propaganda as well. We can see this particularly in the medieval times when the power of the Roman Catholic Church was at its peak and even in the modern times when it is being used in political campaigns and in music videos promoting pop culture and sometimes subtly implying idealism and reform. These have been entirely possible since undoubtedly, music is a mode of expressionan art form where each element could be manipulated to produce a certain effect and meaning. Today, its influence cannot be denied given the technology and ease in which it can be disseminated. Works Cited History of music. (2006, December 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:04, December 10, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_music&oldid=92546657 Merker, Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. US:The MIT Press. Music. (2006, December 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:08, December 11, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music&oldid=93358182 Owen, Harold (2000). Music Theory Resource Book. UK: Oxford University Press.

Free Essays on Music And Sex

The notion of â€Å"going too far† when it comes to the producer including sexual imagery in music videos has become more and more apparent as the years go by. Sex and its glamorized portrayal have become a major component in the creation and production of music videos everyday. The role taken by the government in the amount of sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics that is permitted to be included is one that is not taken seriously, or to great lengths. Today’s typical music video is one that uses shocking sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics to break through the clutter and grab the full attention of the viewer since the notions of sex and anti-establishment are so appealing to the target audience. According to the Record Industry Association of America, studies have been conducted by professors to reveal whether sexual images were randomly placed in videos on MTV, or if the pattern of their appearance was consistent. Results showed that â€Å"sexual images alone appeared in more than one in four videos†. Among these videos images of dating, provocative clothing, kissing, suggestive movements, pursuit, physical contact, sexual bondage and sadomasochism appeared. Since almost all music videos are directed by men, the music videos today depict their so-called â€Å"sexual dreamland†. Some common themes that tend to appear within these typical videos are those that include older men with younger women, strippers, schoolgirls, and mainly nude and available women in great numbers. Since it is made to show that the man controls the female’s sexuality and makes it into what they want, the women and their actual feelings on sexuality have no voice in these music videos. This similar theme holds true on television, in magazines, movies, commercials, and in virtually all other types of media. The role of the woman in music videos is not one that holds much importance. The main purpose they hold is always to be looked at. Only those women... Free Essays on Music And Sex Free Essays on Music And Sex The notion of â€Å"going too far† when it comes to the producer including sexual imagery in music videos has become more and more apparent as the years go by. Sex and its glamorized portrayal have become a major component in the creation and production of music videos everyday. The role taken by the government in the amount of sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics that is permitted to be included is one that is not taken seriously, or to great lengths. Today’s typical music video is one that uses shocking sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics to break through the clutter and grab the full attention of the viewer since the notions of sex and anti-establishment are so appealing to the target audience. According to the Record Industry Association of America, studies have been conducted by professors to reveal whether sexual images were randomly placed in videos on MTV, or if the pattern of their appearance was consistent. Results showed that â€Å"sexual images alone appeared in more than one in four videos†. Among these videos images of dating, provocative clothing, kissing, suggestive movements, pursuit, physical contact, sexual bondage and sadomasochism appeared. Since almost all music videos are directed by men, the music videos today depict their so-called â€Å"sexual dreamland†. Some common themes that tend to appear within these typical videos are those that include older men with younger women, strippers, schoolgirls, and mainly nude and available women in great numbers. Since it is made to show that the man controls the female’s sexuality and makes it into what they want, the women and their actual feelings on sexuality have no voice in these music videos. This similar theme holds true on television, in magazines, movies, commercials, and in virtually all other types of media. The role of the woman in music videos is not one that holds much importance. The main purpose they hold is always to be looked at. Only those women...

Civil Engineering Structural Concentration Essay

Civil Engineering Structural Concentration - Essay Example Basically, the properties and characteristics of a polymer depend upon its structure. The strength of the plastics can be determined from a measurement known as the Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus is the ratio of stress over strain, i.e. elasticity and is measured in units of Pascal (Pa). Unfilled plastics usually have a Young’s modulus of less than 3.5 GPa at room temperature (â€Å"Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics†, 53). Their strength is also temperature sensitive and can be affected by environmental factors as well. The strength can be improved by using fillers and fibers as reinforcements in order to enhance the mechanical properties of the plastic. The tensile strength of most plastics is less than 35 MPa. A lesser tensile stress means a lesser rigidity (MatWeb, n.pag.) but this can be increased by using resin of higher Young’s modulus so as to provide with better reinforcements. The designing of the plastic also has a signif icant role in improving the strength of the plastic (â€Å"Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics†, 53). Lower quality or recycled plastics have a lower tensile strength and can break at a very low magnitude of stress. This is because after recycling the plastics are â€Å"down cycled† causing them to become less rigid and more amorphous thereby causing them to break at a lower stress level. The load on the above hanger is caused by hanging clothes. In this case the force or load is caused by the weight of the clothes which depends upon the thickness of the fabric. On average clothes weigh about 2 to 5 pounds (lbs) with the weight being centered at the middle point of the hanger. Continuous weight on one point of the hanger results in breakage. The fracture shown in Figure 1 illustrates that breakage has occurred midway along the length of the hanger leaving 18.5 cm on both sides. The hanger being